From parish register to the “historical table”: The Prussian population statistics in the 17th and 18th centuries

This overview deals with the development of population statistics in Germany and Prussia, where different streams and trends in the field of statistics can be observed until the end of the 18th century: (1) the so-called university statistics (Staatenkunde); (2) political arithmetic; (3) table statistics; (4) “German Kameralia;” and (5) Prussian financial science. The most important sources for historical demographic research are the parish registers. In Germany, they start in the early or high Middle Ages as baptismal lists. In Prussia in the 16th century, parish registers consisted of entries and items of baptisms (births), marriages, and funerals (deaths). Based upon these parish registers at the end of 17th century in the Brandenburg Electorate, population lists were set up as registers or tables of population movement, as “general registers of the born, the married, the deceased, and the communicants.” Physicians and such Prussian medical authorities as the Collegium medicum and the Collegium sanitatis collected data about the causes of death and the longevity of human life (people more than 90 years old). In the course of 120 years during the 17th and 18th centuries, about 350,000 immigrants came to Brandenburg-Prussia. The Prussians developed excellent migration and census statistics in the form of historical tables. From the founding of the Prussian Office of Statistics in 1805 until its reorganization in 1809–1810, historical tables were set up using population statistics.     

Research note: The founders and survivors project

This paper describes the multidisciplinary project Founders and Survivors: Australian Life Courses in Historical Context. Individual life courses, families and generations through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are being reconstituted from a wide range of data including convict records; birth, death and marriage registrations; and World War I service records. The project will result in a longitudinal study of Australian settlement, the long-run effects of forced labour and emigration on health and survival, family formation, intergenerational morbidity and mortality, and social and geographic mobility.     

论马克思恩格斯的自律观

马克思恩格斯在吸收借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,形成了自己的自律观。他们的自律观对前人的自律思想进行了扬弃,二人在唯物史观的基础上,将自律建立在现实的社会基础之上,并注重自律和他律的统一。马克思恩格斯以人的自由全面发展为终极目标,强调发挥人的主体性和主动性,使主体在自律的过程中显现人的本质。     

琉球群岛地域构成的历史地理学考证

琉球群岛与我国有着特殊的地缘关系。这种地缘关系涉及我国领土主权和海洋权益。历史上琉球群岛的"分岛改约"涉及我国的切身利益,今天琉球群岛不但是围堵中国的所谓"第一岛链"的重要组成部分,更是日本制造东海争端的地理依据。甲午战争以后,中国对琉球群岛地缘战略意义的认识渐渐淡漠。学术界关于琉球群岛区域地理学基础研究积累的缺失,导致我国对于琉球群岛地域构成的认知模糊不清。数百年来,随着琉球群岛地缘政治关系的变化,琉球群岛历经沧桑,几易其主,其地域构成几经变迁。但是,历史上承载着琉球王国的琉球群岛作为一个独立的地理单元依然如故,并不因日本、美国单边因素的变化,或日美双边关系的变化而改变。正确认识琉球群岛地理单元的特殊性和完整性,对于今后我国涉及琉球问题的对外交涉具有重要意义。     

基于唯物史观的我国少数民族心理变迁探析

在社会转型和现代化的背景下,少数民族的心理变迁成为我国社会变迁的一个重要层面。在唯物史观的视野中,少数民族心理的生成是被在实践中形成的生产方式、交往方式和民族文化影响和制约着的。然而,随着实践方式即生产方式、交往方式的变迁与民族文化的变迁,我国少数民族出现了对生产方式变迁和民族文化延续性断裂的不适、哀伤和惆怅的心理,以及由此带来的对身份认同的茫然和迷惘。对我国少数民族心理变迁的社会现象,我们应以唯物史观为指导去分析它产生的历史必然性,辩证认识少数民族心理变迁的作用和影响,积极培育适应城市化与现代化、符合历史必然性的少数民族心理。     

关于中国古典小说发展规律的思考

小说自身的规律是中国古典小说发展的根据和内因,社会的政治、经济和文化因素是小说发展的条件和外因。中国古典小说的历史发展,从宏观上看,是自身的规律所划出的主航道奔腾向前的。在外部条件的影响之下,小说在曲折地前进,曲折的代价是无数的平庸之作,但这种曲折是围绕小说自身规律这一主轴而产生的上下波动。     

网络教育:教育领域的一次革命

网络教育是伴随着计算机和互联网技术的发展而诞生的一种新生事物。由于它能够超越时空限制，学 生与教师可在一种虚拟的环境中进行学习和交流，从而弥补了传统教育的不足，受到世界各地人们的广为欢 迎。我国的网络教育虽然刚刚起步，但已经显示出强劲的发展势头。不久的将来，网络教育必将以其特有的魅 力在教育领域大显身手。     

我国公民权利保障的历史局限

我国公民基本权利的保障在立法及其适用方面存在着一定的历史局限。主要表现在:一是现行宪法的三次修正都没有涉及公民权利;二是宪法中关于生命权、财产权、迁徙自由权的规定有缺陷;三是宪法控权条款乏力;四是权力腐败;五是经济因素制约。     

从中国妇女受辱案看马来西亚华文报的历史责任

本文以中国女子受辱事件为观察对象,论述了马来西亚华文报纸的特点与功能,指出它们具有高度的新闻职业精神、履行华人喉舌职能、维护华人权益和帮助政府改善施政等特点。     

Contextual effects on historical memory: Soviet nostalgia among post-Soviet adolescents

Using an original survey of adolescents in post-communist Russia and Ukraine, this study analyzes attitudes toward the dissolution of the Soviet Union. The results demonstrate how contextual factors – the republic's position within the former Soviet Union and prior history of colonization – affect the level of nostalgia among the young generation. Based upon semi-structured interviews with adolescents, the study identifies sources of positive and negative attitudes toward the Soviet demise. Furthermore, the research reveals cross-national differences in the relationship between Soviet nostalgia and national pride.