报告与请示文种的历史演变及其现行运用

报告与请示是现行党政机关公文中应用较多的两大主体文种.实际工作中报告与请示误用、混用的情况时有发生.本文以报告与请示文种的发展演变为主线,从渊源到定型,再到现行运用,从纵、横两个方面剖析误用的原因以及两者的差异,以求准确、规范使用报告与请示两个不同的上行文种.     

Chemical profiling of heroin recovered from the North Korean merchant vessel Pong Su

Heroin samples, seized from the North Korean merchant vessel Pong Su in Australian waters, were analyzed to determine geographic origin. Duplicate samples were analyzed by the National Measurement Institute's Australian Forensic Drug Laboratory and the United States Drug Enforcement Administration's Special Testing and Research Laboratory. Alkaloid ratios were determined by both liquid chromatography-diode array detection (LC-DAD) and capillary electrophoresis-diode array detection (CE-DAD) techniques. Acid/neutral manufacturing by-products were determined by solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Solvents, trapped in the heroin particles during manufacture, were detected by both static headspace GC-MS and purge and trap GC-MS. The alkaloid ratios obtained were consistent with heroin of a Southeast Asian (SEA) origin and principal component analysis of the alkaloid results demonstrated the presence of at least four subgroupings within the seizure. The solvent analysis detected diethyl ether and ethyl acetate, solvents typically seen in SEA heroin. However, the acid/neutral analysis revealed compounds not normally seen in heroin of a SEA origin. Furthermore, sterol-like molecules, always detected in the acid/neutral analysis of SEA heroin, were absent from the Pong Su samples. The Pong Su heroin, although similar to SEA heroin, has sufficient differences to classify it as having an unknown origin at the time of this writing.     

Fictions of Origin: Law,Abjection, Difference

This article seeks to offer a critique of what it terms ‘Law-as-Logos’ (the Western conceptualisation of ideal Law in terms of pure ‘Presence’) from a perspective that combines some of the insights of contemporary psychoanalytic, deconstructive and feminist theory with recent developments in critical legal studies. The essay seeks to offer a re-theorisation of law, not as ‘Logos’ but as ‘difference’. The law, it will be argued, exists only as that arbitrary point of demarcation between the space of the sacred and the space of the abject and, to re-orient psychoanalytic readings of abjection towards a Derridean understanding of differance, the law may be articulated as the ‘trace’ that makes ‘presence’ possible whilst at the same time threatening its total erasure. Law-as-difference thus becomes maddening in its capacity to establish and erase boundaries and the second part of the essay examines this phenomenon particularly in the context of the relation between law-as-difference and the textuality of a Law that requires to be ‘put into writing’. It argues, in conclusion, that a theorisation of law-as-difference raises inevitably the question of the relation of ‘woman’ to the law and it ends with a re-positioning of the figure of Antigone as a means of interrogating the relation of the ‘feminine’ within the Western symbolic economy to the scandalous impurity of law-as-difference.¹ P. Goodrich, Languages of Law: From Logics of Memory to Nomadic Masks (London: Weidenfield and Nicolson, 1990), 268     

商法的独立性刍议

商法的独立性根源于其调整对象“商”的独立性,商法的独立性表现为其基本内容和基本形式的独立性。作为市场经济根本大法的商法,与民法、经济法一起构成了调整市场机制资源配置的有效手段。商法的独立性是客观存在的,商法独立性的形式是由其内容决定的。在现阶段,商法的独立性不应表现为商法典的独立,而应在坚持民商(法典)合一的形式下,以商事通则与商事单行法并行的形式体现商法内容的独立价值。     

政府的基本职能:代理与服务--国家起源的政治学与经济学再解读

国家与公众之间形成的契约关系、委托代理关系和交换关系,是政治学与经济学国家理论一致的解释.政府的基本职能应该以公众的委托为核心,以成本收益为政府产出的原则.政府与公众之间的委托代理特性导致政府的"败德行为"很难避免,强化政府的代理理念与服务理念就成为政府履行与公众之间的委托代理约定的关键一环.     

关于构建社会主义和谐社会的几个理论问题

在学习贯彻构建社会主义和谐社会理论的过程中,必须澄清理论上的一些模糊认识。认清构建和谐社会是“用发展着的马克思列宁主义指导新的社会实践的重大成果”;构建社会主义和谐社会的历史必然性; 和谐社会理论继承和发展了人类文明以及我国传统文化的优秀成果;认清构建和谐社会是一个科学社会主义的命题。     

公安思想政治工作的历史使命为人民警察在事业中“出彩”

公安思想政治工作必须紧紧围绕党的中心任务来开展,创新,才能有所作为。在实现民族复兴伟大中国梦想的奋斗中,为充分发挥每一个人的聪明才智和创造性力量,我们党响亮地提出了要为人的＂出彩＂创造条件。不言而喻,公安思想政治工作必须要为广大人民警察在公安事业中的出彩创造条件。如此,公安思想政治工作就可以造就公安事业的辉煌,担当起了在实现民族复兴伟大中国梦想奋斗中的历史使命。     

西欧中世纪城市自治的制度分析

目前国内外关于城市自治的制度的研究多偏向着理想主义与现实主义的二元对立,本文借鉴历史新制度主义的诸多概念与理论,试图加深对西欧中世纪城市制度的起源与演化的研究。在城市起源问题上,本文努力将城市自治制度起源与城市起源两者区分开来,从制度分析中的结构与行动者两方面探寻西欧中世纪城市自治制度的生成：古希腊与古罗马的城市与地方自治制度作为重要的制度遗产,加上封建时代的权力分散结构为城市自治制度的诉求提供了结构性优势。而城市商人主导的市民阶层在行动中充分利用这些有利优势,在与领主的博弈中不断斗争,最终达成妥协,形成了以城市特许状为核心制度架构的城市自治制度体系。而在城市自治实施过程中,随着城市内外权力结构变化,国王与领主的权力逐步通过新的方式渗透到城市治理结构当中去,社会分层导致城市权贵主导的大家族或行会逐步垄断经济与政治管理权力,主导城市自治并逐步形成封闭的寡头统治,以至于触发后来连绵不断的城市底层市民的暴动。这样的自治蜕变犹如政体腐化一样,也呈现出别样的趋向性。     

俄罗斯宪法历史发展进程探究

俄罗斯现代意义的宪法产生可追溯于19世纪后半期农奴制废除、资本主义开始发展,至1905年革命为宪法孕育时期;1905年到1917年十月革命为宪法初生时期,该阶段的宪法具有专制主义性质;1917年到20世纪80年代为宪法成长时期,宪法具有工具主义性质;80年代至今为宪法成熟时期,宪法具有现实主义性质。     

对英国保释制度的考察与借鉴

英国作为保释制度的发源地，从其产生、发展到形成、完善．历经百年风雨曲折。时至今日，这一制度仍然焕发着勃勃生机，无论是法律规范、还是运行实效都无可争论地处于世界法治国家前列，其发展趋势也在相当程度上代表了保释制度未来改革的世界方向。同时。保释制度更是以自由保障和无罪推定为理论基础、体现着维持控辩平等、提高诉讼效益的价值追求。其对我国的取保候审制度未来的完善与发展具有参考价值。