刑事被害人社会救助法律制度的完善

在我国现阶段，由于救助制度不健全，刑事案件被害人在遭受犯罪行为侵害后，其权益往往得不到及时有效的救助，进而带来一系列的社会问题，影响到和谐社会的构建。应尽快出台《刑事被害人社会救助条例》，建立完善的刑事被害人社会救助法律制度来对被害人进行及时的援救和帮助，使受犯罪破坏的社会秩序得到尽快的恢复。     

An Investigation of a Community-based Intervention for Socially Isolated Parents with a History of Child Maltreatment

A randomized field trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of a community-based intervention to enhance the prosocial interaction and psychological well-being of urban, Head Start parents with a history of child maltreatment. One-hundred and sixteen socially isolated parents participated. Forty of these parents had a history of child maltreatment. Maltreatment and non-maltreatment parents were assigned randomly to intervention and control conditions. The intervention involved 10 group-training sessions focusing on the relationship between stress and social support. Analyses revealed a significant main effect for the intervention group with intervention parents reporting lower levels of stress and higher levels of social activity than controls. No main effects for maltreatment status or maltreatment by intervention group interactions were found. Implications for community-based treatment were discussed.     

海战中对平民与战争受难者的保护

1994年的《圣雷莫手册》与1909年的《伦敦宣言》相距85年,两者都是海战法文献,但有关保护平民与战争受难者的规定却大不相同.《伦敦宣言》只是规定了交战国在拿捕禁运品和行使摧毁权时有关保护平民和战争受难者的问题,因为该宣言只是为当时打算建立的国际捕获法院制定的一个适用于国际捕获审判的国际公约;而《圣雷莫手册》则全面地规定了在海战中对平民与战争受难者的保护问题.因为它吸收了迄今有效的所有关于在海战中保护平民与战争受难者的国际法规范.从对两者的分析可以看出,20世纪关于在海战中保护平民与战争受难者的国际法已经有了很大的发展.但是,《圣雷莫手册》有些规定在实战中难以执行,有些规定不够详细,而且缺乏对违法者的惩治机制,这些正是海战法今后发展的趋势.     

美伊战争与国际人道法

国际人道法的一个重要规定是 :任何作战方在战争中所使用的作战手段和方法 ,都不是毫无限制的 ,其所使用的武器也必须符合国际法、尤其是国际人道法的规定。国际人道法有一些最基本的原则 ,如 :“应避免不必要痛苦原则”和“区分原则” ,从非常规武器的特征来看 ,其使用时很难做到避免产生不必要痛苦原则 ,也很难做到将战斗员与非战斗员进行区别。从现行国际法的规定看 ,目前还没有任何关于禁止或限制使用集束武器、贫铀弹以及“炸弹之母”等武器的明确规定。但在武装冲突中落实国际人道法有关规定时 ,必须考虑“马尔顿”条款这一重要的法律原则     

Engagement processes in model programs for community reentry from prison for people with serious mental illness

Linking prisoners with mental illness with treatment following release is critical to preventing recidivism, but little research exists to inform efforts to engage them effectively. This presentation compares the engagement process in two model programs, each representing an evidence-based practice for mental health which has been adapted to the context of prison reentry. One model, Forensic Assertive Community Treatment (FACT), emphasizes a long-term wrap-around approach that seeks to maximize continuity of care by concentrating all services within one interdisciplinary team; the other, Critical Time Intervention (CTI), is a time-limited intervention that promotes linkages to outside services and bolsters natural support systems. To compare engagement practices, we analyze data from two qualitative studies, each conducted in a newly developed treatment program serving prisoners with mental illness being discharged from prisons to urban communities. Findings show that the working relationship in reentry services exhibits unique features and is furthered in both programs by the use of practitioner strategies of engagement, including tangible assistance, methods of interacting with consumers, and encouragement of service use via third parties such as families and parole officers. Nevertheless, each program exhibited distinct cultures and rituals of reentry that were associated with fundamental differences in philosophy and differences in resources available to each program.     

A descriptive study of juvenile family violence: Data from intervention order applications in a Childrens Court

There is increasing recognition that family violence may be perpetrated by juveniles against their parents and siblings, however empirical research regarding the nature and causes of such violence is relatively limited. This study examines juvenile family violence in the context of an Intervention Order (IO) being sought against a relative aged 18 years or less. All cases over a 3-year period involving an IO application in a major metropolitan Children's Court in Australia were analysed (n = 438). The majority of applicants/victims were parents (78%) and to a lesser extent siblings (11%) and other relatives (9%). Most parents who sought applications were mothers (63%) and one-parent households were over-represented (66%). The majority of defendants/perpetrators were male (69%), though juvenile females constituted a significant minority (31%). Intervention orders were sought to prohibit property damage (61%), physical assaults (59%) and/or threats (53%). According to the victim reports, these behaviours emerged in the context of prolonged behavioural problems (49%), a desire to intimidate the victim (12%) or retaliation (8%). While 44% of IO applications were granted, the majority were not (56%) due to the victim discontinuing the application prior to a formal hearing. Of the orders that were granted, a third (32%) were subsequently reported as having been breached. Juvenile family violence is a serious social problem that requires more systematic research to identify the correlates of this behaviour and effective interventions to prevent or reduce its occurrence.     

武装冲突法与相关概念辨析

目前,在我国军事法学界对于战争和武装冲突法律制度有国际战争法、武装冲突法、国际人道法和国际人权法等称谓。笔者认为武装冲突法继承了国际战争法的大部分内容,是后者的现代表述。而国际人道法是武装冲突法中关于人道主义保护的内容,为其所包含。国际人权法与武装冲突法中的人道主义保护内容有着明显的区别,但在同一种精神和价值下呈现出相互交融的趋势。因此,笔者认为用武装冲突法表述上述法律体系最为恰当。     

论当代武装冲突法面临的挑战

在武力使用借口日益多样,信息网络、无人攻击机以及私人军事、安保公司等新型作战力量和新的方法手段被广泛运用的形势下,武装冲突法出现了效力缺失的局面。对此,一方面应结合武装冲突实践的新特点进行创新发展,制订规范文件弥补法律漏洞,增强可行性与操作性;另一方面积极推进国际合作,进一步完善执行监督机制,保证各国较好地遵守武装冲突法。     

东盟5国汇率制度新探

自2005年马来西亚汇率制度改革以来，东盟5国均转向浮动类型的汇率制度。各国货币延续之前缓慢升值态势直到2008年全球经济危机爆发。在应对危机以及危机前后本币持续升值的走势中，东盟5国汇率制度产生了新的特征，本文分析其利弊及对中国汇率制度改革的启示。