民事诉讼上的非法证据排除:理论学说与认定标准

民事诉讼中的当事人因系平等的私权主体,在调查收集证据上往往不可能动用强有力的公共资源.除了在证明标准上有较低度的要求以外,为了缓和举证上的压力,有关法律仅在有限范围内采用否定性的表达方式,以尽可能在更为广阔领域范围内承认证据在法律上的合法性,以便尽可能限缩证据排除规则的适用范围.在民事诉讼证据的合法性及其排除规则的应用...     

无线射频识别技术应用中的隐私法律问题研究

在信息时代的背景下,无线射频识别技术（Radio Frequency Identification,简称为RFID）为人们的生产和生活带来极大的便利。然而一刀双刃,RFID技术也必然会带来众多的冲击与隐忧,特别是对个人隐私权的侵害问题。因此,应当借鉴欧美的先进立法经验,建立RFID隐私保护的立法;逐渐强化以政府为主导的行业自律建设;并不断增强公民对RFID隐私权的自我保护意识。     

宪法权利视角下的美国目击者辨认证据规则

自1967年的United States v．Wade案开始，美国最高法院逐步发展出目击者辨认证据（排除）规则。在各时期主流司法理念的影响下，律师帮助权和正当程序权利这两项宪法权利共同见证着该规则盛极而衰的历史演变。尽管正当程序正经受国际化浪潮的影响，但是却受到当前美国主流司法理念的抑制．于是很难再产生一次新的“革命”，目击者辨认证据规则的这一重要理论基础从而也大为削弱。该规则很难再单纯地继续因循修补加完善的传统套路，而是同时需要另辟蹊径采取成文法化的路径来规制辨认程序．这是美国司法界目前及未来面临的一项重要课题。     

Pre-Trial Defence Rights and the Fair Use of Eyewitness Identification Procedures

This paper sets out the normative basis of a claim to procedural rights concerning the fair use of eyewitness identification procedures. It is argued that there are two aspects to suspects' procedural rights. The first aims to secure an opportunity for the suspect to participate in procedures where doing so might result in exculpatory evidence (a participatory right). The second is the state's obligation to take reasonable measures to prevent wrongful conviction on the basis of mistaken identification by providing the suspect with a satisfactory degree of procedural accuracy (a protective right). This normative analysis provides the basis of a claim that Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights provides a suspect with similar rights. The final part of the paper considers whether domestic procedure is compatible with these putative rights, and whether it could be said to provide an effective remedy if they were to be breached.     

人体损伤鉴定标准的变化与问题研究

《人体损伤程度鉴定标准》是在实施了二十多年的重伤标准、轻伤标准、轻微伤标准的基础上，结合标准科学、临床医学、法医临床学的最新理论成果，在进行充分调研的基础上研制而成。标准在形式上完全按照标准的格式进行编排，将损伤程度分为3等5级，增加了大量的鉴定操作性的技术规范。标准在内容上解决了实践中部分疑难复杂问题，增加了判定损失程度的损伤类型，明确了一些有争议的损伤鉴定情况。笔者同时也指出了其中存在一些问题并提出了相应的对策，比如标准的法律性质不明，标准不能穷尽所有损伤类型，标准涉及的专业知识发生变更，标准内容有争议的处理原则等。     

老挝的民族识别与划分及其未来发展

文章介绍了老挝不同历史时期的民族称谓和族群划分,对老挝民族识别和划分的最新资料进行了介绍和分析。通过介绍和分析,作者认为老挝在民族识别和划分的实践中,根据本国的实际情况,不教条不照搬,在理论和实践方法上都有所创新。最后文章还就老挝民族整合,■罗化与老挝民族未来发展进行了论述。     

The 2018 California Wildfires: Integration of Rapid DNA to Dramatically Accelerate Victim Identification

In November 2018, Butte County, California, was decimated by the Camp Fire, the deadliest wildfire in state history. Over 150,000 acres were destroyed, and at its peak, the fire consumed eighty acres per minute. The speed and intensity of the oncoming flames killed scores of people, and weeks before the fire was contained, first responders began searching through the rubble of 18,804 residences and commercial buildings. As with most mass disasters, conventional identification modalities (e.g., fingerprints, odontology, hardware) were utilized to identify victims. The intensity and duration of the fire severely degraded most of the remains, and these approaches were useful in only 22 of 84 cases. In the past, the remaining cases would have been subjected to conventional DNA analysis, which may have required months to years. Instead, Rapid DNA technology was utilized (in a rented recreational vehicle outside the Sacramento morgue) in the victim identification effort. Sixty-nine sets of remains were subjected to Rapid DNA Identification and, of these, 62 (89.9%) generated short tandem repeat profiles that were subjected to familial searching; essentially all these profiles were produced within hours of sample receipt. Samples successfully utilized for DNA identification included blood, bone, liver, muscle, soft tissue of unknown origin, and brain. In tandem with processing of 255 family reference samples, 58 victims were identified. This work represents the first use of Rapid DNA Identification in a mass casualty event, and the results support the use of Rapid DNA as an integrated tool with conventional disaster victim identification modalities.     

对当前指纹鉴定标准适用情况的分析

目前,在指纹鉴定工作中尚无明确的国际统一标准。各国指纹鉴定人员的观点可分成三种派别数量标准说、数量——质量标准说、非数量标准说。非标准化的鉴定方法使指纹技术面临一些亟待解决的问题,并将影响指纹证据的法律效力。在此,我们提出制定科学的指纹鉴定统一标准的建议与对策。     

DNATyper^(TM) 15试剂盒直接扩增检验纸质样本的研究

目的检验DNATyperTM15直接扩增系统的有效性。方法使用DNATyperTM15直接扩增系统对我国DNA数据库建库4种常见样本类型进行直接扩增检验。结果获得了血滤纸、公安部物证鉴定中心采血卡、博坤采血卡和FTA卡等样本类型的完整DNA分型。结论 DNATyperTM15直接扩增系统能够用于常见纸质样本的检验。     

When can a DNA profile be regarded as unique?

The probability that a defendant's DNA profile is unique in a population of untyped individuals is shown to be bounded below by one minus twice the sum of the match probabilities over the population. This bound assumes that the possibility of laboratory or handling error can be neglected, and applies only when there is no non-DNA evidence in favour of the defendant. There cannot be a completely general lower bound: if there is overwhelming non-DNA evidence that the defendant is not the source of the crime stain, then that is also overwhelming evidence of non-uniqueness. Application to k-locus short tandem repeat (STR) profiles is discussed, and illustrated with calculations based on the 6-STR-locus system used in current UK casework. However, because of the problem of the non-DNA evidence, there seems to be no satisfactory way for an expert witness to address the question of uniqueness in court.