独立董事制度否定论

近年来,在探讨我国公司治理结构问题时,出现了主张转采或兼采独立董事制度的声音。其核心观点在于:我国现行的监事会制度有监督软化之弊,应引入独立董事制度以落实公司中的监督权利。然而笔者认为,独立董事制度是直接与一元制的公司权利结构相适应的,而我国目前是采取二元制的模式,因而应对其抱以冷静分析的态度,不宜轻言废立。     

The High Representative and directoires in European foreign policy: the case of the nuclear negotiations with Iran

ABSTRACT

The negotiations with Iran about its nuclear programme have seen the most protracted involvement of the High Representatives of the European Union in a high-profile policy case. This article traces the evolution of the High Representatives’ participation in the negotiations, from the first contacts with the E3 (Germany, France and the United Kingdom) in 2003 to the adoption of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015. It focuses on the institutional role the High Representatives played in relation with the directoires leading the talks with Iran – first the E3 and, since 2006, E3/EU. In this context, it examines the personal and organisational factors that affected the influence each of the three High Representatives (Javier Solana, Catherine Ashton and Federica Mogherini) had in regard to the directoires. The analysis distinguishes specifically between the phases before and after the 2009 Lisbon Treaty. The article shows how similar personal qualities of the three High Representatives in terms of problem-solving and trust-building gave them political capital that enabled them to adopt a fairly constant role as bridge-builders within the directoires and between the directoires and other actors. The reforms of the Lisbon Treaty had only a minor impact.     

正确处理党的领导与依法独立办案的关系

坚持党的领导是贯穿习近平法治思想的一条主线。正确处理党的领导与依法独立办案的关系,既是贯彻落实习近平法治思想的重要内容,也是司法理论与实践必须回答的重大问题。中国共产党对司法工作的领导具有坚实的历史基础、法理基础和宪法依据。党的领导是依法独立办案的根本保障,坚持依法独立办案本身就是体现党的领导。正确把握党的领导与依法独立办案的关系,必须首先弄清楚党的领导是指党中央的集中统一领导,地方党委对司法工作的领导主要是管方向、管政策、管原则、管干部。各级司法机关党组织必须确保党的领导在司法机关内部得到贯彻落实,依规依法管人管事管案,发挥整体性的引领、管理、监督、保障作用,确保法律统一正确实施。     

The State of the Art of Child Hearings in Germany. Results of a Nationwide Representative Study in German Courts

According to German family law, in family court proceedings that deal with custody or access rights, family judges are obligated to personally hear the child if the feelings, ties, or will of the child are significant for the decision. In a research study commissioned by the Federal Ministry of Justice, a nationwide representative survey of all judges compiled their personal information and their attitudes and expectations as well as various parameters regarding the concrete practice of hearing children. Also, with a very complex methodological design, over 50 children and their parents were studied one week in advance of the hearing, directly before and after the hearing, and four weeks following the hearing. The results of the study are presented, particularly those pertaining to the burden and relief for the children and the expectations of judges. The practical experiences of family judges in personally hearing children are included as well.     

浅析我国建立独立董事协会的必要性

独立董事制度是我国证监会于2001年引入的一项公司监督及管理制度,它是保护上市公司股东利益免受管理层侵害的一项重要保障。然而自从独立董事制度实施起,独立董事能否发挥其应有的作用一直是争论焦点。提出并论述建立管理独立董事的专项组织——独立董事协会的必要性,建立符合我国现代企业管理特点的独立董事行业自律体系是必要的。     

Contextual information management: An example of independent-checking in the review of laboratory-based bloodstain pattern analysis

This article describes a New Zealand forensic agency's contextual information management protocol for bloodstain pattern evidence examined in the laboratory. In an effort to create a protocol that would have minimal impact on current work-flow, while still effectively removing task-irrelevant contextual information, the protocol was designed following an in-depth consultation with management and forensic staff. The resulting design was for a protocol of independent-checking (i.e. blind peer-review) where the checker's interpretation of the evidence is conducted in the absence of case information and the original examiner's notes or interpretation(s). At the conclusion of a ten-case trial period, there was widespread agreement that the protocol had minimal impact on the number of people required, the cost, or the time to complete an item examination. The agency is now looking to adopt the protocol into standard operating procedures and in some cases the protocol has been extended to cover other laboratory-based examinations (e.g. fabric damage, shoeprint examination, and physical fits). The protocol developed during this trial provides a useful example for agencies seeking to adopt contextual information management into their workflow.     

科学构建党外代表人士队伍建设评价体系

科学合理地考核评价党外代表人士队伍建设成效,必须构建科学的党外代表人士队伍建设评价体系,使之成为党外代表人士队伍建设过程的重要依据.科学的党外代表人士队伍建设评价体系,包括党外代表人士队伍建设评价体系的基本要素和遵循的原则.构建科学的党外代表人士队伍建设评价体系,还须经过多方面的努力.     

Structural factors vs. regime change: Moldova's difficult quest for democracy

This article examines the state of and perspectives on democracy in the Republic of Moldova. The fall of its communist authoritarian regime in 2009 – sometimes compared to a colour revolution – went against the trend toward heavy authoritarianism now visible in the Commonwealth of Independent States. However, the regime change in Moldova does not necessarily imply a process of genuine democratic consolidation. This article argues that the future course of the Moldovan polity will be decided by structural domestic and geopolitical factors different from those that produced the regime change. Most of these structural factors do not favour democratization. Moldova's only chance to secure a genuinely democratic trajectory may therefore be dependent on its relationship with the European Union (EU). The article argues that nothing short of a process of accession to the EU can modify factors that are likely to prevent democratic consolidation. In its absence, the article contends that Moldova will either develop a Ukrainian-style hybrid regime or return to its authoritarian past.     

论民事、行政有效性与违法性判断的分离——兼谈法秩序的统一性与刑法判断的独立性

具有违法性的行为,在民事与行政上的效力一般被予以否定,即违法则不可能有效。但是在一些情况下,肯定这些行为的效力,更有利于法益保护和立法目的的实现．故在民法上出现了效力性强制性规定与管理性规定的区分。这体现了有效性与违法性判断一定程度上的分离．而这在行政法上也有体现。这种分离既体现了法秩序的统一性．又体现了各部门法不同的利益导向及法的利益权衡本质,也决定了各部门法判断的相对独立性,即使具有保障法地位的刑法也是如此。“一般违法性”的存在,与刑法判断的独立性不相冲突,而民事、行政法有效性与犯罪的成立也并不完全排斥。     

无独立请求权第三人的诉讼地位

无独立请求权第三人是诉讼当事人。我国民事诉讼法关于无独立请求权第三人的立法规定存在着内在冲突,在理论和实务上产生了诸多令人困惑的问题,立法应明确无独立请求权第三人的诉讼当事人地位。当事人申请参加是无独立请求权第三人参加诉讼的适当方式,法院依职权追加和通知无独立请求权第三人参加诉讼,是超越司法被动性原则的体现,立法上应取消这一规定。