纵向政府组织博弈视角下的公共政策执行失灵探究

公共政策执行失灵主要由上下级政府之间的利益冲突而引发，围绕利益的博弈互动难以避免。本文从博弈视角深入权力的微观运行之中，指出上下级政府之间的单向垂直委托代理博弈的客观存在性，并分析其危害与成因。尝试性地提出双向委托代理博弈的创建路径，期盼能有效地规避政策执行失灵，提高政策效能，促进社会和谐。     

片面共犯理论的困境及出路探微

我国刑法并没有明文规定片面共犯，但关于其存废问题，中外刑法理论界一直众说纷纭。片面共犯理论主要有两个瓶颈：片面共犯与我国现有共犯理论的矛盾；片面共犯与间接正犯的关系。因此，应当拓展共犯理论的内涵，以达到整个共犯理论体系的协调；此外，应当认识片面共犯与间接正犯存在根本区别，间接正犯不能完全涵盖片面共犯。     

Sex Differences in Physical and Indirect Aggression: A Developmental Perspective

Males generally use aggression more often than females. However, the magnitude of difference between the sexes varies widely according to the type of aggression that is considered, and according to the developmental period studied. Taking a developmental perspective, this paper reviews research that compares the progression of physical aggression (predominantly used by males) with indirect aggression (predominantly used by females) among males and females. Existing empirical evidence indicates that most children cease to use physical aggression during the course of childhood, but that a minority fails to do so. This group is comprised of children with high, stable levels of PA and is mostly male. Overall, most children use low levels of IA, but there is one group that uses this type of aggression with increasing frequency. This group is mostly female. Importantly, the differences between the sexes are not stable over time. Rather, while the gap between males and females is present during preschool years, it widens considerably during childhood and preadolescence. A review of hypotheses based on evolution, biology and social learning provides critical insight into the origins and development of sex differences in aggression over the life course. We conclude by arguing that violence in males may be effectively reduced through early, sustained intervention with high-risk mothers.     

坚持人民群众主体论——中国共产党执政60年的根本经验

人民群众主体论是马克思主义的基本立场和基本观点.坚持人民群众主体论是共产党执政的本质要求,是中国共产党人执政60年的基本经验.今天中国特色社会主义事业发展已进入一个十分特殊、十分关键的历史阶段,坚持人民群众主体论的根本性、决定性意义和要求更加突出.在当前形势下,坚持人民群众主体论最重要的就是要深入贯彻落实科学发展观;最关键的是要高度关注民生,把改善人民生活作为改革发展稳定的结合点,使改革始终得到人民拥护和支持;最根本的就是要努力践行"立党为公、执政为民"的执政理念,真正解决好为了人民群众、依靠人民群众执掌政权的问题.     

刑法中的主犯研究

共同犯罪是刑法学中疑难课题,而对主犯的研究有利于解决共同犯罪的理论与实践问题。认定主犯必须厘清主犯与首要分子的界限,分则中聚众犯罪中的首要分子与刑法总则中首要分子的界限。而且主犯的司法认定与刑事责任的追究也是值得思考的问题。     

间接正犯特征探微

间接正犯是刑法理论和司法实践中的一种特殊的犯罪形态 ,有其独特的特征。深入剖析它的基本特征和构成特征 ,对于在理论上将间接正犯与教唆犯、亲手犯、共犯等相关概念区别开来 ,在司法实践中准确地认定间接正犯 ,都具有重要意义。     

基于主成分-聚类分析的农村地区生活水准分类——以吉林省为例

该文提出农业生产活力、社会经济活力水平是影响农村生活水准区域分类的2个主要因素，并选取地区经济力、农业投入力、产业发展力等指标作为衡量标准，利用分层聚类分析方法，对吉林省县域地区进行区域分类，分为地域特性差异较大的4类地区。针对各区域特征、生活水准发展现状对比，在提高生活水准的发展模式上提出有针对性的思路和政策建议。     

我国欠发达地区可持续发展能力评估——基于宁南山区的DEA方法

欠发达地区的可持续发展问题较为突出,而宁夏南部山区地处我国黄土高原向干旱风沙区的过渡地带,生态脆弱,发展与生态保护间的张力长期存在。对其可持续发展能力进行评估,可以为欠发达地区决策者提供参考。选取宁南山区在能源消耗、环境污染、劳动力和资金、经济发展、社会事业与人民生活、人口发展等6个方面指标,利用主成分分析法,计算出每个指标的综合得分,运用DEA方法评估其可持续发展能力。结果显示欠发达地区政府投入应与地方可持续发展能力相适应,不能急于求成。     

Cuticular hydrocarbons as a tool for determining the age of Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae

Calliphoridae are one of the most important insect groups encountered as evidence collected from a crime scene. Age determination of the immature stages of these necrophagous flies is an important step toward estimating the time of colonization and inferring a minimum postmortem interval (PMI_min) in most instances. To determine if the cuticular hydrocarbons could be used to establish whether the development stages yield characteristics profiles, allowing for age estimation, hydrocarbons were extracted from 1st and 2nd, as well as feeding and post‐feeding 3rd instar Chrysomya rufifacies, the hairy maggot blow fly. Extracted hydrocarbons were analyzed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with the aim to investigate the changes in chemical profiles of each larval stage. A total of 23 compounds were identified with most of them being alkanes (65%) with carbon chain lengths of 9–33 carbons, alkenes (18%), and methyl‐branched alkanes (17%). All the hydrocarbons except pentadecane (C15), hexadecane (C16), and nonacosane (C29) showed significant differences in their expression throughout larval development. For 1st instars, nonane was the most abundant (17% of the total hydrocarbons content) compound. Accounting for 11% and 10% of the cuticular hydrocarbons, tricosane and pentacosane, respectively, were the notable hydrocarbons in 2nd instars. For post‐feeding 3rd instars, hentriacontane and tritriacontane were present with relative abundances 18% and 15%, respectively. On average, there was a shift from low to high molecular weight hydrocarbons as the larvae aged. These results indicate the change in hydrocarbons makeup as larvae age and could potentially be used to determine the age of immature C. rufifacies and hence aid in PMI_min estimations. However, future research is needed to validate these results under natural conditions in the field.     

Differentiation of unevaporated gasoline samples according to their brands, by SPME-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis

One of the aims of fire investigations is to identify associations among accelerants according to their source. In this study, 50 gasoline samples--representing five brands--were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemometric procedures, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were applied to a data matrix obtained by the target compound chromatogram method, to discriminate samples according to their brand. PCA was successful in finding a natural grouping of samples according to their brand, suggesting that aromatic compounds were more useful than aliphatics for the purpose of this study. DA, if applied to aromatic compounds, gave both a classification ability and a prediction ability of 100%. The outstanding results obtained by this work provide the basis of a data matrix that could be used in real cases of arson to link a sample of unevaporated gasoline to its brand or refinery.