A comprehensive ATR-FTIR spectroscopic analysis for the identification and differentiation of lip balms

Lip balm may be encountered as physical evidence in cases involving sexual assaults, homicides, and kidnappings. Lip balm can be used as corroborative evidence by providing a potential link between the victim, accused, and the crime scene. For lip balms to be used as evidence, it is important to understand the diversity and their aging process under different conditions. Therefore, in this study, ATR-FTIR spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometric tools such as principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) has been used for the objective identification and differentiation of 20 brands of lip balms. Moreover, lip balms on different substrates and wearing effects over time were also investigated. The results show that the PCA-LDA training accuracy was 92.5%, whereas the validation accuracy comes out to be 83.33%. A blind study using pristine samples was also performed which resulted in 80% PCA-LDA accuracy. PCA-LDA prediction of samples on various substrates showed a higher chemometric prediction accuracy for nonporous substrates (glass, plastic, and steel), than for porous substrates (cotton cloth, cotton swab stick, dry tissue paper, and white paper) for samples kept in room temperature and under sunlight for 15 days. The substrate study showed that the samples from various substrates could effectively generate respective spectra which can help in brand-level identification even after several days. The present method demonstrates a potential for lip balm samples to be used in forensic casework applications.     

Forensic Analysis of Cigarette Ash—Brand Determination Through Trace‐metal Analysis

The information inherent in cigarette ash in the form of trace‐metal concentrations may be of use in a forensic context as it can indicate the brand from which the ash originated. This knowledge might help place suspects at crime scenes or determine how many people may have been present. To develop and test statistical models capable of classifying ash samples according to brand, commercial cigarettes procured in the U.S. and overseas were “smoked” using a peristaltic pump, mimicking the range of human smoking habits. Ash samples were digested in a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acid applying microwave digestion and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis of the elemental data showed intrinsic differences between brands. Partial least squares‐discriminant analysis demonstrated that brand classification yields good sensitivity and specificity for a number of models tested. Varying smoking parameters did not impact the classification of ash samples.     

论共同犯罪中的身份

犯罪主体的不同身份能够对共同犯罪的性质产生影响。中外刑法通说主张的共犯从属于正犯的观点,较好地解决了共同犯罪的定罪问题。对于纯正身份犯的共同犯罪,其定罪可分为：非身份者教唆、帮助身份者的共犯关系;非身份者与身份者共同实行或组织实行的共犯关系;身份者教唆、帮助非身份者实行的共犯关系等情况进行。     

试论辩诉交易制度

辩诉交易制度作为一种刑事诉讼制度,起源于美国。它具有自己特定的产生原因与诉讼价值。辩诉交易制度在美国刑事诉讼中被大量采用,并被世界上其他国家所借鉴并加以改良,对世界各国司法产生了十分深远的影响。     

Fourier transform infrared reflectance spectra of latent fingerprints: a biometric gauge for the age of an individual

To determine if changes in fingerprint infrared spectra linear with age can be found, partial least squares (PLS1) regression of 155 fingerprint infrared spectra against the person's age was constructed. The regression produced a linear model of age as a function of spectrum with a root mean square error of calibration of less than 4 years, showing an inflection at about 25 years of age. The spectral ranges emphasized by the regression do not correspond to the highest concentration constituents of the fingerprints. Separate linear regression models for old and young people can be constructed with even more statistical rigor. The success of the regression demonstrates that a combination of constituents can be found that changes linearly with age, with a significant shift around puberty.     

复合罪过形式浅析

对于间接故意与过于自信的过失之间应当如何区分,尽管在理论上作了很多的探讨,然而在司法实践中却无法根据这些理论对行为人的心理状态作出明确的区分。应针对无法区分是属于间接故意还是过于自信的过失的心理状态确立一种复合罪过形式,发挥理论对实践应有的指导作用。     

论全球化浪潮中资本主义历史规律起作用的机制

全球化引发了一系列的新问题,使资本主义历史规律的作用机制和作用方式发生着引人注目的新变化,高度社会化生产力与国际化的生产关系的对立依然存在并具有尖锐化的趋向;资本主义国家自觉调整社会有机体的各个方面和环节,使之与高度社会化的生产力发展状况相适应,从而形成了一套积极应对全球化的运用自如的、全方位的自我调节和自我更新机制。     

算法歧视的司法审查——意大利户户送有限责任公司算法歧视案评析

意大利户户送有限责任公司算法歧视案所涉及的众多理论问题中,以户户送有限责任公司平台使用的算法是否对骑手造成歧视为核心。博洛尼亚法院的判决从骑手是否受反歧视法律的保护、歧视的含义以及平台算法对骑手的影响是否构成歧视等角度层层深入说理论证,最终认定该平台使用的算法构成间接歧视,并要求户户送有限责任公司支付原告三个工会组织5万欧元的惩罚性赔偿。该判决是欧洲针对算法歧视做出的第一个判决,在认定算法歧视、保护骑手权利以及确认惩罚性损害赔偿方面具有重要意义。     

基于主成分分析的我国省域人力资源竞争力评价

知识经济时代,人力资源在经济发展过程中的作用愈发明显。为评价各省人力资源竞争力状况,应把握包含人力资源数量、人力资源质量、人力资源开发能力和人力资源环境四个方面的人力资源竞争力评价指标体系。并在构建评价指标体系的基础上,运用主成分分析法,对我国省域20lO年人力资源竞争力进行了分析和评价。     

试论邓小平与党员主体地位理论中国化

梳理邓小平的党员主体地位思想,对于厘清当前党员主体地位诸多思想误区,创新党员主体理论、丰富党员主体思想具有重要的意义。