“正犯主犯化”:趋势、原因及启示

主犯与正犯分别处于我国和德日刑法共同犯罪人的核心地位,有必要明确二者的关系。在德日刑法史上,正犯的内涵经历了主观说、形式客观说和实质客观说的演变。随着重要作用说和犯罪事实支配理论成为学界通说,正犯的认定标准倒向了实质客观说。德日刑法中的正犯与我国刑法中主犯的界限日益模糊,呈现出"正犯主犯化"趋势。该趋势的形成与哲学思潮由自然(实证)主义向新康德主义的转变有关;在刑法领域,该思潮的转向主要通过把刑罚的合目的性引入到犯罪论的方法,以化解犯罪论与刑罚论的冲突和消弭"李斯特鸿沟"。"正犯主犯化"趋势对我国共同犯罪的研究具有重要启示:一方面,不能以德日刑法中的正犯、共犯概念代替主犯、从犯的规范用语;另一方面,不能割裂定罪与量刑的关系,引进所谓的"双层区分制"。对于外国刑法理论,应该在明确该理论产生的社会背景和发展动向的基础上,回归到中国的具体现实,结合具体问题分析我国刑法的优劣,再做出坚持还是借鉴的选择。     

网站侵权行为入罪思考--以共犯行为正犯化理论为破解思路

许多网站为网络用户提供免费存储空间供网民自由上传、下载文档，本身并不直接参与侵权作品的复制、发行，但实际上却提供了发行“帮助”。如果按照共同犯罪理论处罚，存在正犯不构成犯罪、缺乏犯意联络等局限性；用我国《刑法》现有罪名评价，又不符合相关罪名的规范性特征。最有效的定罪思路应当是通过“共犯行为正犯化”理论将网站的“帮助行为”直接解释为“实行行为”，按照侵犯著作权罪定罪量刑，或者另定其他罪名。     

Political transitions and commissions of inquiry: the politicisation of accountability in Ghana

Abstract

What role does a commission of inquiry (COI) play in delivering accountability? In theory, when the public delegates power to political leaders to formulate and implement policies, they seek political accountability in return. Using Ghana as a case study, this study examines how the operations of COIs may deliver accountability. Principal–agent theories of accountability and African conceptions of legitimacy are incomplete on their own and need to be integrated into an explanation of political accountability that takes into consideration political transitions and the role of COIs in delivering a minimalist form of accountability. This study argues that a COI is an instrument of regime legitimatisation. The demands by citizens for political accountability in Ghana correlate with political transitions. Accompanying each power alternation was a different model of political accountability. To understand the predominant applications of accountability, we emphasise the politicisation of accountability.     

主犯正犯化质疑

刑法学界近来出现了将我国刑法中的“主犯”与德日刑法中的“正犯”等同化并用“正犯”概念代替“主犯”,即“主犯正犯化”的倾向。但在犯罪参与体系上,德日刑法采取的是区分正犯与共犯的区分制,而我国刑法采取的是将共同犯罪人分为主犯与从犯的单一制,这就决定了“主犯”与“正犯”概念有重要差异,不能用“正犯”代替“主犯”。主犯正犯化的思想根源是认为单一制存在缺陷,有必要用区分制的观念来解释我国刑法的相关概念和规定。但这既违反了罪刑法定原则,又忽视了我国所采取的单一制的优越性。主犯正犯化的隐患是从根本上否定有中国特色的犯罪参与体系,导致我国刑法失去公平合理处罚共同犯罪人的优势,使简单问题复杂化。     

法庭科学中泥土物证XRF检验数据的分析研判

目的 对元素分析产生的大量数据进行统计,从而达到准确对样品进行区分和归类的目的.方法 利用X射线荧光光谱法对从北京郊区10个区县、辽宁沈阳、安徽泗县、四川泸州、山东威海和广西南宁提取的225个泥土样品进行元素定量分析.采用SPSS软件中欧氏距离计算泥土样品间的差异,利用主成分分析法进行样品归类.结果 确定了不同空间距离样品间差异的欧氏距离的阈值.主成分分析法可对225个泥土进行较为准确的分类.结论 欧氏距离值可为泥土样品的比对提供量化比对依据,利用主成分分析法可推断未知泥土样品的来源.     

The Effect of Image Alterations on Identification Using Palmar Flexion Creases

Palmprints are identified using matching of minutia points, which can be time consuming for fingerprint experts and in database searches. This article analyzes the operational characteristics of a palmar flexion crease (PFC) identification software tool, using a dataset of 10 replicates of 100 palms, where the user can label and match palmar line features. Results show that 100 palmprint images modified 10 times each using rotation, translation, and additive noise, mimicking some of the characteristics found in crime scene palmar marks, can be identified with a 99.2% genuine acceptance rate and 0% false acceptance rate when labeled within 3.5 mm of the PFC. Partial palmprint images can also be identified using the same method to filter the dataset prior to traditional matching, while maintaining an effective genuine acceptance rate. The work shows that identification using PFCs can improve palmprint identification through integration with existing systems, and through dedicated palmprint identification applications.     

刑事主观事实的证明问题初探

刑事主观事实的证明是一个世界性难题,仅靠口供等直接证据证明往往不够。间接证据证明和刑事推定是目前通行的两种有效方法,但我国的刑事立法和司法解释没有明确区分二者。间接证据体系的证明标准过高和间接证据不能单独直接证明主要案件事实共同导致间接证据证明的适用范围很有限．相应地可考虑降低证明标准和改变传统做法。刑事推定是另一种重...     

关于公安机关应对"无直接利益冲突"的思考

"无直接利益冲突"作为一种新近出现的冲突形式,对公安管理工作带来了新的挑战,主要表现为:其隐蔽性、突发性使得公安机关难以进行有效的预防;参与者的盲从性、无组织性使得公安机关难以进行有效的处置;参与者行为的偏激性、心态的对立性使得公安机关难以进行有效的控制和化解;参与者的高度异质性使得公安机关难以进行有效的统合.为此,公...     

A Study on China's OFDI influencing Factors and the Dynamic Effect of Economic Growth: Based on Principal Component Analysis and VAR Model

This paper selects the influence factors and economic growth effect of OFDI as a starting point, using China’s OFDI and related data, building VAR model, with a principal component analysis, co-integration test, impulse response and Grainger test method to explore the impact factors and the economic growth effect of China’s OFDI. The results show that the basic economic factors, investment environment factors and operating cost factors are the main factors affecting the development of China’s OFDI. At the same time, China’s OFDI and economic growth maintain a positive equilibrium relationship in the long term. In the short term, the economic growth effect of China’s OFDI is still weak, requires further development to better serve the economic restructuring and economic growth.     

共同犯罪的认定方法

我国认定共同犯罪的传统方法,存在不区分不法与责任、不区分正犯与狭义的共犯、不分别考察参与人行为与正犯结果之间的因果性等三个特点,这种认定方法导致难以解决诸多复杂案件。认定共同犯罪应当采取相反的方法:其一,共同犯罪的特殊性仅在于不法层面,应当以不法为重心认定共同犯罪;至于其中的责任判断,则与单个人犯罪的责任判断没有区别。其二,正犯是构成要件实现过程中的核心人物,应当以正犯为中心认定共犯;当正犯造成了法益侵害结果 (包括危险)时,只要参与人的行为对该结果做出了贡献,就属于不法层面的共犯。其三,只有当参与人的行为与正犯结果之间具有因果性时,才承担既遂犯的刑事责任,故共同犯罪的认定应当以因果性为核心。完全没有必要提出和回答"共同犯罪犯的是什么罪"之类的问题。在刑法理论与司法实践中,可以淡化"共同犯罪"概念。