Elemental Characterization and Discrimination of Nontoxic Ammunition Using Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Analysis and Principal Components Analysis

Concerns over the toxic by‐products produced by traditional ammunition have led to an increase in popularity of nontoxic ammunition. In this work, the chemical composition of six brands of nontoxic ammunition was investigated and compared to that of a road flare, which served as an environmental source with similar composition. Five rounds of each brand were fired while a further five were disassembled and the primer alone was fired. Particles collected from all samples, including the road flare, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. Common elements among the different ammunition brands included aluminum, potassium, silicon, calcium, and strontium. Spectra were then subjected to principal components analysis in which association of the primer to the intact ammunition sample was generally possible, with distinction among brands and from the road flare sample. Further, PCA loadings plots indicated the elements responsible for the association and discrimination observed.     

帮助犯的因果关系

从不同的共犯处罚根据学说的立场出发,对帮助犯的因果性问题会有不同认识。但是,站在修正引起说的立场上,可以得出要求共犯行为也必须与通过正犯行为引起的法益侵害结果之间的因果关系的结论。在具体判断共犯行为与犯罪结果之间的因果关系时,要特别注意存在心理的因果性的情况。     

人口再生产价值视角的女性生育和劳动权益保障

近年来,我国生育政策进行了几次调整,体现了国家对人口再生产在社会发展中重要性的认同,但是生育率未能得到有效提升,而女性在劳动力市场遭受歧视的现象依然广泛存在.研究认为,生育与工作家庭的冲突是我国生育现状的主要影响因素,而"全面三孩"政策可能加剧这种冲突.研究建议:应以人口再生产与物质生产理论为基础,重新审视人口再生产在...     

Application of MALDI‐TOF MS for Estimating the Postmortem Interval in Rat Muscle Samples

Estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) is very important in the forensic sciences. Although many approaches have been used for estimating the PMI, accurate PMI calculations are still difficult. In this study, four Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were sacrificed by suffocation, and muscle samples were collected by dissection at various time intervals (0, 48, 96, and 144 h) after death. All samples were probed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) to obtain molecular images and data for principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that the peaks at m/z 1511, 1543, 1564, 1586 clearly decreased in intensity from 0 to 144 h postmortem and that the time groups were separated from each other on the PCA score plot. The prediction model showed high recognition capability (95.93%) and cross‐validation (83.72%). Our work suggests that MALDI‐TOF MS can be used to determine the PMI.     

The Role of Peer Contacts in the Relationship Between Parental Knowledge and Adolescents' Externalizing Behaviors: A Latent Growth Curve Modeling Approach

The purpose of the present study was to examine the direct and indirect effects (through peer contacts) of parental knowledge on adolescents’ delinquent and aggressive problem behavior, using latent growth curve modeling. A sample of 457 13- to 14-year old adolescents at first measurement wave (M=13.27; SD=0.45 years) filled out questionnaires about their parents, peers, and problem behavior three times with 1-year intervals in between. Regarding initial levels of behavior, both direct and indirect effects of parental knowledge were found on aggressive as well as on delinquent behavior. When the rate of change in behaviors was considered, only direct effects were found for both types of problem behavior, whereas indirect effects were absent. Gender differences were also found, with stronger effects of parenting on both aggressive and delinquent problem behavior for boys and stronger effects of peer contacts on aggressive behavior for girls. The present study shows that different behaviors of the externalizing spectrum have different trajectories and diverse relations with parenting and should not be treated as identical.

Discrimination of Geographical Origin of Asian Garlic Using Isotopic and Chemical Datasets under Stepwise Principal Component Analysis

Isotopic compositions of δ²H, δ¹⁸O, δ¹³C, and δ¹⁵N and concentrations of 22 trace elements from garlic samples were analyzed and processed with stepwise principal component analysis (PCA) to discriminate garlic's country of origin among Asian regions including South Korea, Vietnam, Taiwan, and China. Results indicate that there is no single trace‐element concentration or isotopic composition that can accomplish the study's purpose and the stepwise PCA approach proposed does allow for discrimination between countries on a regional basis. Sequentially, Step‐1 PCA distinguishes garlic's country of origin among Taiwanese, South Korean, and Vietnamese samples; Step‐2 PCA discriminates Chinese garlic from South Korean garlic; and Step‐3 and Step‐4 PCA, Chinese garlic from Vietnamese garlic. In model tests, countries of origin of all audit samples were correctly discriminated by stepwise PCA. Consequently, this study demonstrates that stepwise PCA as applied is a simple and effective approach to discriminating country of origin among Asian garlics.     

主体地位变迁与契约合意基础的辩证关系简

契约法是债法的主要组成部分,契约的成立建立在当事人合意的基础之上.伴随着人类社会的发展,人的主体性地位经历了不同的展现阶段,人的意志自由也有着不同的表现程度,而意志自由恰恰是作为契约的合意基础而存在的,从而对于契约法的发达程度造成了重要影响;同时契约的运用空间反映着商品经济的发展状态,并对人的主体性的动态需求产生作用.     

公众安全感指标体系的构建与评价方法研究——以社会治安秩序为视角

公众安全感是指居民对社会治安状况的主观感受和评价,它反映了公众对犯罪的恐惧程度,也成为衡量和谐社会建设的一个重要指标。建立了我国公众安全感的评价指标体系,包括四个层次和四个系统。并为该指标的理论分析提出了主成分分析和聚类分析相结合的评价方法。     

诉利息未诉本金之诉讼时效如何认定

起诉时,只请求被告归还借款的利息,没有请求归还本金,不应视为原告放弃本金权利。利息诉讼时效的中断,自然及于本金,因为利息是依附本金而生的孳息。     

中国犯罪参与体系的性质及其特色——一个比较法的分析

世界各国刑法关于犯罪参与体系的立法存在着“区分制”与“单一制”的对立。区别两种犯罪参与体系的关键在于立法上是否将参与人区分为正犯与狭义的共犯两种不同的犯罪类型。因区分制具有能够深入地揭示现实生活中所存在的纷繁芜杂的共犯分工现象，适合于构筑“构成要件为中心”的法治国的刑法基础以及能够合理地限定共犯的处罚范围等诸多优点，在制度的层面上更具妥当性。在解释论上，中国的犯罪参与体系的性质可归结为区分制。不同于德、日刑法对参与人类型与参与人程度进行单层次操作的区分制模式，中国刑法采取的是区分参与人类型与参与人程度的双层次操作的模式，即在以分工为标准将参与人区分为正犯、组织犯、教唆犯、帮助犯等不同犯罪类型的基础上，进一步地以作用为标准对参与人作了主、从犯之分。两种分类方法并存不悖，且功能各异。