Experiments in industrial democracy: an historical assessment of the Leicestershire boot and shoe co-operative co-partnership movement

State-socialist academics have been highly sceptical of worker co-operatives. Following the Webbs’ classic studies, they assume that capitalist market competition renders them either inefficient or undemocratic. The experience of the British co-operative co-partnership (COCP) movement, from the late nineteenth to the early twenty-first century, suggests a more optimistic reading, with implications for future alternative forms of work organization. COCP worker co-operatives were long-lived and participative, while advancing other social goals, such as good wages and working conditions, union membership and better housing. This article introduces the theory of COCP, stressing the stakeholder model and the predominance of employee representatives. Next, I establish Leicestershire as a major regional centre for both shoemaking and COCP, linked to the wider institutions of consumer co-operation. Six co-operatives are discussed: three Leicester city societies, Equity, Anchor and Self-Help; and three village societies, Barwell Sperope, Glenfield Progress and Sileby Excelsior. The article concludes that footwear COCP was a relatively successful small-scale endeavour, not subject to the fatal contradictions predicted by the Webbs. The movement died out because the bureaucratic ‘spirit of the age’ in the British co-operative and wider labour movement, turned against these initiatives from below, which therefore failed to rejuvenate.     

论反不正当竞争法对知识产权的保护

反不正当竞争法的诞生源于对知识产权的保护,它与知识产权法的关系极为密切,二者形成了相辅相成的互动关系,一方面,反不正当竞争法对于保护知识产权,特别是保护那些不能直接获得知识产权单行法保护的智力成果及相关成就有着不可缺少的补充作用,另一方面,知识产权制度本身的建立,也有利于市场竞争秩序的健康发展,所以,在某种意义上,可以反过来说,知识产权法是竞争法律制度的重要组成部分。     

比较优势与竞争优势的同一性

以产品低成本为基础的比较优势与以产品差异化为基础的竞争优势是统一、互补的。因为差异化优势可以还原为低成本优势。决定竞争优势的“钻石体系”四种因素也是创造比较优势的重要条件。比较优势理论和竞争优势理论又分别适用于解读要素禀赋不同地区和相同地区间的分工与贸易。浙江经济奇迹是对比较优势理论与竞争优势理论具有统一、互补性的最好诠释。     

跨国公司与泰国汽车产业集群的关系研究

泰国是东盟地区重要的汽车生产基地,泰国汽车产业集群的产生和发展与跨国公司对泰国的投资是分不开的。跨国公司促进了泰国汽车产业集群的形成,泰国汽车产业集群反过来又吸引了跨国公司更多的投资,两者之间形成了良好的互动关系,而泰国政府政策对两者的互动也功不可没。     

Software interoperability, intellectual property and competition law — Compulsory licenses for abuse of market dominance

Innovation is a shared purpose of both intellectual property (IP) and competition law. However, sometimes competition law conflicts with the interests of IP holders. This paper searches for an adequate criterion of practical concordance, which consists of evaluating, in the concrete situation, which of those regulations best performs the purpose of promoting innovation. It is considered that requirements of competition law shape IP regulations, but the internal limits of protection therein identified are not enough to safeguard concerns of competition law. In particular, European courts held that, in exceptional circumstances, IP holders with market dominant position can be compelled to grant licenses of IP protected goods, such as copyrighted information and software. Such lifting of the IP exclusion power finds its rationale in preserving competition and promoting innovation, which is particularly sensitive within the dynamic software market.     

财政分权与地方政府行政管理支出——基于中国省级面板数据的实证研究

行政管理支出具有双重属性:过多的支出不利于经济增长,使地方政府在竞争中处于劣势而不利于官员的晋升,同时有违中央政府的宏观政策目标;但能直接提高地方政府官员个人的福利水平。所以,地方政府及官员对行政管理支出存在两难选择。本文利用我国30个省(自治区、直辖市)1998—2006年的面板数据对财政分权与行政管理支出的关系进行实证研究和稳健性检验。主要结论是:在中国特色财政分权的制度环境下,地方政府在财政支出自由裁量权扩大时,总体效应是加大了行政管理支出的规模。同时,行政人员规模与行政管理支出存在显著的正相关关系。地区经济发展水平、资源禀赋、社会结构等因素对行政管理支出也有显著性的影响。在公共财政体制改革的背景下,其他公共财政支出项目(社会保障支出除外)对行政管理支出存在显著的"挤出"效应。     

加速广西与东盟国家矿业经济合作

广西与东盟国家在矿业经济上具有优势互补的发展潜质,通过规范的国际合作,在双边政府、企业的努力下打通产业链,构建基于优势企业的产业链合作关系,对于促进广西与东盟国家矿业经济的发展具有重要意义。本文对广西与东盟国家矿业进行产业链对接的发展思路进行分析,并提出广西与东盟国家在具体矿种上的合作策略,进而就促进合作的对策进行阐述。     

21世纪海上丝绸之路建设的产业合作探索

本文论述产业合作在建设21世纪海上丝绸之路中的重要意义,分析目前中国与东盟产业合作的基础、优势和问题,深化中国与沿线国家的产业合作是在21世纪海上丝绸之路建设中的重点,应借助中国—东盟自由贸易区的优惠政策,提高双方合作的实效和层次,实现优势互补、建立跨国产业链,中国与东盟各国建立的跨国经济园区是产业合作的创新模式和重要载体。     

我国就医选择权的现状及其对策

我国的医疗机构和医师的数量、质量无法满足需求,并且分布不均衡、可及性较差;医疗信息公开的方式和内容无法满足公众需求,更换医疗机构和医师的成本高,因此我国公众不享有真正意义上的就医选择权。政府垄断是导致该问题的主要成因,必须破除政府对医疗行业的垄断,构建分层次、多元化、竞争式的医疗卫生服务供给体系,并加强医疗信息公开工作,保障公众的就医选择权。     

Small Business’ Place in the South Korean State–Society Relations

Korean small businesses have come a long way as sources of industrial power more important than heretofore credited. The nation's undemocratic dirigisme had largely slighted small businesses to the country's disadvantage. Although the government's policy bias against them started to change in the early 1980s, its support of them remained less than fully-fledged. Despite tough socio-economic conditions, however, both the first and second generation small entrepreneurs have strived to prove their self-worth as viable business enterprises and constantly—and increasingly over time—contributed to the incremental improvement of the economy. By shedding light on the little-known motivations, perceptions, and performances of the small business people, this article offers a more balanced and nuanced account of the past and present state of small businesses in the country, which provides a tentative basis for considering alternative vision for future development.