The ICO and artificial intelligence: The role of fairness in the GDPR framework

The year 2017 has seen many EU and UK legislative initiatives and proposals to consider and address the impact of artificial intelligence on society, covering questions of liability, legal personality and other ethical and legal issues, including in the context of data processing. In March 2017, the Information Commissioner's Office (UK) updated its big data guidance to address the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning, and to provide (GDPR), which will apply from 25 May 2018.This paper situates the ICO's guidance in the context of wider legal and ethical considerations and provides a critique of the position adopted by the ICO. On the ICO's analysis, the key challenge for artificial intelligence processing personal data is in establishing that such processing is fair. This shift reflects the potential for artificial intelligence to have negative social consequences (whether intended or unintended) that are not otherwise addressed by the GDPR. The question of ‘fairness’ is an important one, to address the imbalance between big data organisations and individual data subjects, with a number of ethical and social impacts that need to be evaluated.     

The sex industry,human trafficking and the global prohibition regime: a cautionary tale from Greece

Using the concept of global prohibition regimes as an analytical point of departure, this article interrogates the development and results of the agitation campaign that relayed the new global prohibition regime against trafficking for sexual exploitation in Greece after 1995. In line with the international trend towards the issue of trafficking in the 1990s, the Greek campaign has been successful in shaping perceptions of the change in the Greek sex industry on the basis of an equation of prostitution, trafficking and transnational organized crime, and it also successfully capitalized on transnational supports to induce changes in legislation and public policy. However, a critical examination of the Greek situation suggests that there is a considerable discrepancy between the above conceptualisation and the knowledge of the issue emerging from the activities of criminal justice agencies. The examination of the general conditions of economic exploitation and social marginalization of migrants in Greece in the 1990s and after reveals significant homologies between the social organization of the sex industry and other sectors of the economy that have depended on migrant labour. This result underscores the nature of the idea of organized crime as an ideological construct acting as a diversion from more substantive paths of inquiry into the structures of national economy that bear upon the exploitation of sexual labour.

试论《禁止使用童工规定》第十一条之不足--兼谈国务院的行政立法权

2002年12月1日开始施行的<禁止使用童工规定>,是国务院在总结1991年4月15日发布的<禁止使用童工规定>的基础上根据非法使用童工的实际状况修订而成.它的修订颁行,必将在保护不满16周岁的未成年人的合法权益,建立正常的劳动管理秩序,加强劳动行政执法等方面发挥重要作用.但它也存在一些不足,尤其是其第十一条所规定的部分内容有探讨、完善之必要.     

关于最高人民法院两个罪名《法定》中的罪名设定定研究

文章认为 ,最高人民法院《关于执行 <中华人民共和国刑法 >确定罪名的规定》和《最高人民法院、最高人民检察院关于执行 <中华人民共和国刑法 >确定罪名的补充规定》存在“‘罪名从简’原则的事实否定”和“‘标准统一’原则适用的矛盾”等问题 ,并提出了作者的理论模型设计。     

论医疗事故罪中“严重损害就诊人身体健康”之认定

认定医疗事故罪"严重损害就诊人身体健康"的具体内涵应遵循医学依据而非刑法学依据,同时应把握"二维"标准首先,是<条例>和新<标准>中的一级乙等和二、三级医疗事故;其次,事故参与度必须在50%以上(不含50%).     

对学习贯彻《自治条例》的若干思考

学习贯彻《自治条例》,加快我州经济发展和社会全面进步,是当前工作的重点之一。学习贯彻《自治条例》要与学习“三个代表”重要思想结合起来;与学习马克思主义民族理论和民族政策结合起来;与学习《中华人民共和国民族区域自治法》结合起来。     

关于高等职业学校经济法课程改革的思考

为适应21世纪科学知识综合化、整体化发展的趋势,经济法教学内容的改革应体现“宽口径,厚基础”的精神;高等职业教育的兴起是我国教育由应试教育走向素质教育的一次大裂变,因此,高职学校经济法教学方法的改革应体现能力本位的价值观念,全面提高学生的素质。     

Neighborhood factors related to the likelihood of successful informal social control efforts

Purpose

To expand conceptualizations of informal social control in social disorganization and collective efficacy theories to include responses to informal social control, and to examine neighborhood level predictors of responses to informal social control.

Methods

The study uses surveys of approximately 2300 residents across 66 neighborhoods, supplemented with census data at the block group level.

Results

Neighborhood mobility decreased the odds of positive responses to informal social control, measured as both “giving in” and “talking it out” when you have a disagreement with your neighbor. Disadvantage was found to decrease only the odds of “giving in.” Neighborhood level measures of social cohesion and faith in the police were also found to increase the odds of responding positively to informal social control efforts. In contrast, social ties were not found to significantly affect the likelihood of positive responses to informal social control.

Conclusions

The findings from this study broaden support of collective efficacy theory and concepts related to efficacious neighborhoods. While previous studies have raised questions about the measurement of informal social control, the findings in this paper offer support to earlier studies by providing a different approach to the conceptualization and measurement of informal social control.     

环境规制降低了重污染行业的投资效率吗?

在低碳经济背景下,实现经济与环境双重目标的和谐发展至关重要。本文首次基于投资效率视角,利用投资支出与投资机会敏感性模型,分析环境规制对重污染行业的影响。研究发现,环境规制从整体上降低了重污染行业的投资效率,对非国有企业投资效率的负面影响非常显著;地方国企存在着投资规模过大的现象;是否为重污染行业、行业环境规制强度与污染排放强度三者之间整体上呈高度正相关,但仍存在着细微的差异,这种差异使中央国企在投资支出上的表现不尽相同;所在地为地方政府环境治理水平较低地区的企业,投资效率下降显著。上述结果表明,我国的经济发展与环境保护之关系并未达到波特假设的双赢局面;地方政府对地方国企的支持,使重污染行业非国有企业在环境规制中处于相对不平等地位;设计至少与污染排放强度相匹配的环境规制强度,有利于刺激高环境治理水平企业的投资;提升地方政府和企业的环境治理水平,是实现经济发展与环境治理双赢的重要途径。     

缅甸和中国的非正式跨国界流动

西方国家对缅甸长达十余年的经济制裁严重阻碍了缅甸经济的发展。由于与发达国家的贸易异常艰难,缅甸贸易的中心转向邻国。本文分析了缅甸和中国非正式跨国界物资和人员流动的原因和影响,提出的对策建议包括:两国的管理部门之间要加强合作,将非正式流动顺利转变为正式流动。通过合作,重新认真审查和修订为非正式流动制定的限制性政策法规,降低非正式流动对当地社区的社会和经济造成的负面影响。文章提出只有利益相关各方长期合作共同制定多维政策,应对多维问题,才能实现双赢的局面。