中国的社区与社区警务——兼论中国社区警务建设中的若干问题

对于中国社区警务,比较一致的共识是：中国社区警务的定位偏重于警务发展战略和警务方式;各级公安机关对实行社区警务战略的重视程度可谓前所未有,即大量理论上的研究和警务运作上的人、财、物投入;中国社区警务发展战略基本成型的标志是2002年3月的杭州会议。社区警务在不断地被付诸实践的同时,效果也因不同的地区而异,一些做法有待于深入研究和实践中完善,主要包括社区警务的协调发展、社区警务的考核、社区警务中的公众参与和警务手段的科技化等问题。     

警务英语中跨文化交际探究

培养警察跨文化交际能力是警务英语教学中必不可少的一环。语言和文化密切相关,警务英语交际广泛体现了语言的文化意蕴、语言使用的“得体性”以及因文化差异引起的理解障碍。在警务英语教学中,文化导入语言教学具有实际意义,需要在建构主义理论指导下培养学员的跨文化交际能力。     

Predictive crime mapping

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have emerged as a key tool in intelligence-led policing and spatial predictions of crime are being used by many police services to reduce crime. Break and entries (BNEs) are one of the most patterned and predictable crime types, and may be particularly amendable to predictive crime mapping. A pilot project was conducted to spatially predict BNEs and property crime in Vancouver, Canada. Using detailed data collected by the Vancouver Police Department on where and when observed crimes occur, the statistical model was able to predict future BNEs for residential and commercial locations. Ideally implemented within a mobile GIS, the automated model provides continually updated predictive maps and may assist patrol units in self-deployment decisions. Future research is required to overcome computational and statistical limitations, and to preform model validation.     

政府信息公开中“内部管理信息”的判定

内部管理信息不予公开在国务院办公厅《关于做好政府信息依申请公开工作的意见》中进行规定后,法院通过个案对如何判定内部管理信息进行了回应。通过判决梳理,可见法官在审查时关注到内部管理信息的主体、内容、程序和效力四个方面;其中"不具备外部效力"作为效力标准是法院判定内部管理信息的主要考察因素。然而针对现行规范的梳理却显示出不同的结论,信息所涉内容的"内部性"方是内部管理信息的核心,即在行政机关"履行职责"之外,属于"日常工作"中的内部管理事务;同时部门、地方性信息公开规范通过列举式规定,将人事信息、设备管理信息、内部规章制度列为内部管理信息的典型类别。以"内部性事务"作为内容标准判定内部管理信息相较于"不具备外部效力"作为效力标准而言,更符合立法原意且契合已有的规范体系。     

城市社区自治背景下的社区警务建设研究

社区治理是社会管理的＂神经末梢＂,是社会管理创新的原点,更是社区警务的着力点。社区警务制度的实践与发展,需要培育、引导、扶持社区居民与组织进行自我管理、自我服务、自我教育、自我监督,形成与之相适应的＂合作参与,群防群治＂的社区自治格局,构建管理有序、服务完善、文明祥和的社会生活共同体。     

A Deeper Look at the Relationship between Political Knowledge and Political Participation: Evidence from Presidential and Legislative Elections in Taiwan

This study examines the effects of political knowledge on various types of political participation by focusing on five recent presidential and legislative elections in Taiwan. The empirical findings indicate that political knowledge has positive effects on some types of political participation but the effects of political knowledge on different types of political participation vary by the types of electoral systems and elections. Besides, although the interviewer's assessment of the respondent's level of information has been widely used as an effective indicator of political knowledge, this study shows that the interviewers tend to rate men and partisans as politically knowledgeable, which might lead to a biased estimate of political knowledge. Overall, this study provides insight into the relationship between political knowledge and political participation in Taiwan.     

Confidence in the police: Balancing public image with community safety – A comparative review of the literature

Examining the evolution of British and Australian policing, this comparative review of the literature considers the historical underpinnings of policing in these two countries and the impact of community legitimacy derived from the early concepts of policing by consent. Using the August 2011 disorder in Britain as a lens, this paper considers whether, in striving to maintain community confidence, undue emphasis is placed on the police's public image at the expense of community safety. Examining the path of policing reform, the impact of bureaucracy on policing and the evolving debate surrounding police performance, this review suggests that, while largely delivering on the ideal of an ethical and strong police force, a preoccupation with self-image may in fact result in tarnishing the very thing British and Australian police forces strive to achieve – their standing with the public. This paper advocates for a more realistic goal of gaining public respect rather than affection in order to achieve the difficult balance between maintaining trust and respect as an approachable, ethical entity providing firm, confident policing in this ever-evolving, modern society.     

Elite Messages and Source Cues: Moving Beyond Partisanship

According to previous studies, women in the U.S. Congress are often cast by the media and by voters as quite distinct from men, with a unique focus on women's issues and an outsider approach to governing. Contrary to the media's depiction and voters' expectations, however, an analysis of Congressional web sites reveals that women members, just as men in Congress do, portray themselves as having diverse interests and participating zealously in the Washington power struggle. Thus, women's self-presentations on the web do not support the notion that the images proffered by members contribute to media and voter stereotypes of women representatives.     

Fracture Characteristics of Entrapped Head Impacts Versus Controlled Head Drops in Infant Porcine Specimens,,

In many forensic cases, the job of forensic pathologists and anthropologists is to determine whether pediatric death is due to an abusive act or an accidental fall. The goal of this study was to compare the cranial fracture patterns generated on the parietal bone of a developing, infant porcine (pig, Sus scrofa) model by a controlled energy head drop onto a plate versus previous data generated by blunt force impact at the same energy onto the head constrained to a plate. The results showed that blunt force impacts on a head constrained to a rigid plate produces more fracture, but the same general pattern, as that for a head dropped onto the plate with the same level of impact energy. The study suggests that head constraint may be an important factor to consider in the evaluation of death causation for blunt force impacts to the pediatric skull.     

European national news

The regular article tracking developments at the national level in key European countries in the area of IT and communications – co-ordinated by Herbert Smith LLP and contributed to by firms across Europe. This column provides a concise alerting service of important national developments in key European countries. Part of its purpose is to compliment the Journal's feature articles and briefing notes by keeping readers abreast of what is currently happening “on the ground” at a national level in implementing EU level legislation and international conventions and treaties. Where an item of European National News is of particular significance, CLSR may also cover it in more detail in the current or a subsequent edition.