Weighted Content Analysis of Political Advertisements

This article proposes weighted content analysis as a methodological extension of traditional (unweighted) content analysis of political advertising. Weighted content analysis distinguishes between political ads that were produced but not aired and ads that actually aired in a particular media market. To illustrate the advantages of weighted content analysis, this article examines the 1996 presidential campaign in Columbus, Ohio. The tone of 132 presidential campaign ads produced by both candidates is compared with the tone of the 2,522 ads that aired on the three major network affiliates in Columbus. The price of the ad buy is used as an alternative weight that takes into account audience size and thus allows a further distinction between aired and watched ads. Both weighting procedures show that Republican advertising in 1996 in Columbus was more negative than Democratic advertising during the fall campaign, a result that remains undetected by unweighted content analysis. The article concludes by describing three different ways to obtain weighting data: political files kept by television stations and cable providers, commercial tracking data, and internal campaign records.     

The interconnections of political power,psychotherapy, and world community

This study of the main evening television news programs in four European countries focuses on the framing of news surrounding a major European event, the January 1, 1999, introduction of the common European currency, the euro. We investigated the visibility of political and economic news in general and of the launch of the euro in particular. We found variations across countries in the emphasis on political and economic news, with the proportion of the newscast normally devoted to these subjects ranging from 45% to 60%. Journalists in all countries were more likely to emphasize conflict (rather than economic consequences) in framing general political and economic news. In the coverage of the launch of the euro, there was a greater emphasis on framing the news in terms of economic consequences. The findings are discussed in terms of influences on framing practices internal and external to journalism and the value of the cross-national comparative approach.     

Measuring error for adjacent policy position estimates: Dealing with uncertainty using CMP data

Careful users of CMP party position data should take the uncertainty of position estimates into account. We compare and evaluate two current approaches that provide error estimates for party positions. Researchers of the CMP group identify measurement error in quantitative content analysis as the cause of uncertainty about position estimates, whereas a second approach by Benoit et al. (2009) attributes the uncertainty of position estimates to a stochastic generation of election programs. We illustrate the commonalities and differences of these approaches and provide two empirical applications, the identification of the left–right order of parties and of policy shifts by parties, using CMP data for 25 countries. Despite conceptual differences, results in these applications are surprisingly similar.     

国外识别嫌疑人供词真伪技术的述评

犯罪嫌疑人的供词在解决刑事案件中起着非常重要的作用。国外有三种评估嫌疑人供词真伪的技术,其中基于标准的内容分析和真实监控是针对口头陈述的内容分析,而科学内容分析是针对书面陈述的。在一份虚假的陈述中,并非所有内容都是虚构的,也有真实的内容;在评定材料时,应综合运用三种技术,评定的最终目的不应是孰真孰假,而应是材料中的哪部份可信,哪部份可疑。     

论外国人管理的概念及内容

在外国人管理的概念界定上,国内学术界有不同的观点。文章认为,外国人管理的概念应从四个方面来理解:外国人管理的性质是一国政府对其境内的外国人实施的立法、行政、司法等主权行为;外国人管理的目的是维护国家权益、保护外国人合法权益、促进国际交往;外国人管理的客体范围应为外国人的入出境和居留期间涉及的其他事项;外国人管理的条件是不违背所承担的国际义务。外国人管理的内容应包括构建外国人管理的法律体系、建立外国人管理体制、依法实施对外国人的行政管理、依法处理外国人刑事犯罪的案件及主管部门保护外国人合法权益的行为等5个方面。     

STATE LAW AND THE TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

This paper presents the findings from a content analysis of state laws authorizing the termination of parental rights. The analysis yielded a taxonomy of termination criteria and it identified those criteria that were most widely adopted by the states. State termination criteria were compared to those listed in the Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA) of 1997. The comparison shows that state laws identify more types of termination criteria than are listed in ASFA. In addition, criteria related to neglect and “parental failure” were often ambiguous and lacked detail. The study identifies possible directions for research on state termination law.     

Party system dynamics in post-war Japan: A quantitative content analysis of electoral pledges

Qualitative accounts of Japanese party politics allude to the standard left-right spectrum, but they invariably devote much more space to discussions of foreign policy differences than to socioeconomic conflict. Quantitative estimates of Japanese party positions treat short party responses to newspaper interviews as if they were true manifestos, and fail both to confirm the claims of the qualitative literature and to demonstrate any consistent basis for party differentiation at all. We address both puzzles by applying a text scaling algorithm to electoral pledges to estimate Japanese party positions on three major policy dimensions. Our analysis largely confirms the findings of the qualitative literature, but also offers new insights about party movement and polarization over time.     

Bounded oligarchy: How and when factions constrain leaders in party position-taking

This work investigates the process of position-taking, focussing on the factional bargaining within the party. Exploiting two recently built datasets that estimated the policy positions of Italian parties and factions from 1946 to 2010, we investigate if and to what extent factions bind the party leader in choosing the platform. We find confirmation for the idea that party positions are linked to factional preferences. Overall, the party works as a ‘bounded oligarchy’. Furthermore, the electoral payoff of party unity increases the impact of factional constraints when general elections approach. In line with the cartel party theory, however, autonomous leaders who are directly elected by a wider selectorate can get rid of factional ties choosing more moderate and vote-maximizing platforms.     

区分扩张解释与类推适用的路径新探

如何区分扩张解释与类推解释,是贯彻罪刑法定原则的客观需要。本文主张以"刑法正文"———"体系化的文义",作为区分扩张解释与类推适用的标准。在刑法正文范围内揭示需要解释事项的体系化文义的,是解释;反之,是类推。与"字面含义"、"真实含义"、"通常含义"、"可能具有的含义"等概念不同的是,"刑法正文"是一个结构性概念,表现为从"点"到"面"再到法律体系之整"体",它首先着眼于某一个具体的刑法分则条文,并进一步地关注与这一分则条文具有密切联系的若干个分则条文,然后是刑法分则以至整部刑法,乃至于整个法律体系范围内,发现待解释事项的"体系化的文义"。     

秦“以吏为师、以法为教”的渊源与流变

"以吏为师、以法为教"是商鞅在总结六国变法的历史实践和学者制度设计的基础上推行的治国方针,并非秦制独然,秦始皇"焚书"又把这个传统推向极端。汉代继续了秦"以吏为师、以法为教"的政治传统,张家山汉简《史律》更丰富了对这一传统的认识。二者的差异在于,汉朝的教育是官、私并举,儒法互通,从而奠定了中国政治传统的教育和思想的基石。