Patronato de Nutrición introduced a range of 18 optional agricultural technologies in the indigenous community of Chalite, Panama. Three of the technologies were adopted by more than half of the farmers surveyed, while an additional eight technologies were adopted by between 20 per cent and 50 per cent of the farmers. Farmers were more likely to adopt technologies associated with familiar crops, previously promoted by other groups, or requiring limited labour or financial resources. The article shows how development groups can quickly reduce the number of technologies promoted in order to deliver services more effectively. 相似文献
The debate on empowerment encompasses an older discourse about the intrinsic value of empowerment, and a newer discourse about the instrumental benefits of empowerment; the concept of agency is useful in understanding this distinction. In agricultural development, empowerment efforts are often instrumentalist, viewed as an advanced form of participation that will improve project effectiveness, with adoption rates that promote compliance rather than intrinsic empowerment. Nevertheless, it is possible for projects to enhance the means for – and facilitate the process of – intrinsic empowerment. With regard to process, research and extension can make use of a constructivist rather than the behaviourist approach to support changes in knowledge, behaviour, and social relationships. In assessing empowerment, both developers and ‘developees’ need to look for evidence that people are taking control of their lives. Case studies – such as those used by the Indonesian Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Programme – will help to capture context and chronology, with unplanned behaviours being particularly useful indicators. 相似文献
This article tracks the rise and fall of a community-based water supply programme in Manila, providing important insights into the issues of community participatory approaches to service provision, as well as the privatisation of basic services and public goods. The Manila Water Corporation, a private, for-profit company, developed an innovative programme to provide water to informal settlements through bulk connections, deploying the discourse of public participation to effectively transfer responsibility for distribution and collection of payments to local water users' organisations. The programme achieved considerable success, and also empowered local organisations or (more often) individuals, who used some of their increased legitimacy, influence, and income to mobilise for squatters' rights, challenging landlords and local governments. After an initial period, the company changed its policy and shifted instead to a programme that provides individual connections to informal settlements' households, supported by subsidies from the government and international aid agencies. This article chronicles and analyses the origins, growth, controversies, and eventual decline of community-based water supply in Manila's informal settlements. The article concludes with suggestions on how community-based organisations can provide water supply services effectively and equitably, discussing as well the capacity building and social transformation benefits of such an approach.
La réussite et l'échec des systèmes communautaires d'approvisionnement en eau à Manille
Cet article retrace l'essor et le déclin d'un programme communautaire d'approvisionnement en eau à Manille, aux Philippines, et permet de découvrir d'importants aspects des questions relatives aux approches communautaires participatives de la prestation de services, ainsi que de la privatisation des services de base et des biens publics. La Manila Water Corporation, entreprise privée à but lucratif, a mis au point un programme innovant pour fournir de l'eau à des établissements informels au moyen de branchements collectifs, en déployant le discours de la participation du public pour transférer efficacement la responsabilité de la distribution et de la collecte de paiements à des organisations locales d'utilisateurs d'eau. Ce programme a obtenu un succès considérable, et a par ailleurs autonomisé des organisations locales ou (plus souvent) des particuliers, qui ont utilisé une partie de leur légitimité, influence et revenus accrus pour se mobiliser en faveur des droits des squatteurs, défiant les propriétaires et les autorités locales. Après une période initiale, l'entreprise a modifié sa politique et a évolué vers un programme qui propose des branchements individuels aux ménages des établissements informels, avec le soutien de subventions accordées par le gouvernement et des agences d'aide internationales. Cet article fait la chronique et effectue une analyse des origines, de la croissance, des controverses et, en fin de compte, du déclin de l'approvisionnement en eau communautaire dans les établissements informels de Manille. Cet article se conclut par des questions sur la manière dont les organisations communautaires peuvent assurer des services d'approvisionnement en eau de façon efficace et équitable, et traite également des avantages sur le plan du renforcement des capacités et de la transformation sociale d'une approche de ce type.
Los altibajos de un programa de agua potable comunitario en Manila
El presente artículo describe los altibajos presentados por un programa comunitario de abastecimiento de agua potable en Manila. Asimismo, hace referencia a los importantes hallazgos encontrados en torno a los métodos de participación comunitaria en la oferta de servicios y en relación a la privatización de servicios básicos y de bienes públicos. La Corporación de Agua de Manila, empresa privada con fines lucrativos, desarrolló un programa innovador para abastecer de agua a los asentamientos informales mediante conexiones comunitarias, usando un discurso de participación pública con el objetivo de transferir eficientemente la responsabilidad para la distribución del líquido y para el cobro de pagos a las organizaciones locales de usuarios de agua. El programa obtuvo un éxito considerable, que conllevó al empoderamiento de organizaciones locales y (más a menudo) de individuos, quienes aprovecharon su mayor legitimidad, influencia e ingresos para movilizarse a favor de los derechos de los ocupantes indocumentados, enfrentando tanto a propietarios como a gobiernos locales. Tras un período inicial, la empresa modificó sus políticas impulsando un programa de conexiones individuales para los hogares de los asentamientos informales, el cual recibió subsidios del gobierno y de las agencias internacionales de asistencia. El presente artículo constituye tanto una crónica como un análisis del origen, el crecimiento, las controversias suscitadas y el posterior abandono del programa de abastecimiento de agua comunitario en los asentamientos informales de Manila. El artículo concluye exponiendo sugerencias respecto a cómo las organizaciones comunitarias podrán abastecerse de agua de manera efectiva y equitativa, abordando, también, las ventajas de este enfoque en términos del fortalecimiento de capacidades y de la transformación social que promueve.
A construção e destruição dos abastecimentos de água comunitários de Manila
Este artigo analisa a ascensão e queda de um programa de abastecimento de água comunitário em Manila, fornecendo ideias importantes sobre as questões de abordagens participativas da comunidade para a oferta do serviço, além da privatização de serviços básicos e bens públicos. A Empresa de Abastecimento de Água de Manila, que é uma companhia privada com fins lucrativos, desenvolveu um programa inovador para fornecer água a assentamentos informais através de conexões em massa, empregando o discurso de participação do público para transferir efetivamente a responsabilidade pela distribuição e coleta de pagamentos a organizações locais de consumidores de água. O programa alcançou um significativo sucesso e também empoderou organizações locais ou (mais frequentemente) indivíduos, que utilizaram sua maior legitimidade, influência e renda para a mobilização pelos direitos dos posseiros, desafiando os proprietários de terra e os governos locais. Após um período inicial, a empresa mudou sua política e passou a adotar um programa que oferece conexões individuais para as famílias dos assentamentos informais, com apoio de subsídios do governo e de agências de ajuda internacionais. Este artigo relata e analisa as origens, crescimento, controvérsias e declínio final do abastecimento comunitário de água em assentamentos informais de Manila. O artigo conclui com sugestões sobre como organizações comunitárias podem fornecer serviços de abastecimento de água de maneira efetiva e equitativa, discutindo também a capacitação e os benefícios da transformação social de tal abordagem. 相似文献
In the last decade considerable research in social sciences has focused on interpersonal trust, treating it as a remedy for most maladies modern democracies suffer from. Yet, if others act dishonestly, trust is turned into gullibility, thus mechanisms linking interpersonal trust with institutional success refer implicitly to honesty and civic morality. This paper investigates the roots of civic morality. It applies hierarchical models to data from 38 countries, and tests the individual, community and structural explanatory factors. The results of the analysis point to the relevance of an institutional dimension, both in the form of individuals’ perceptions as well as the quality of governance: confidence in political institutions and their objective quality are the strongest predictors of civic morality. At the same time, the findings show that the recently popular claims about the importance of social capital for citizens’ moral standards are largely unfounded.
The sometimes noted contradiction between cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships concerning city population size and crime rates is reexamined using more complex analytic procedures, controlling for extraneous variables, and allowing for non-monotonic relationships. Instead of a simple cross-sectional relationship between population size and crime rates, the more sophisticated analysis reveals either no association or a quadratic relationship. Similarly, instead of a simple lack of longitudinal relationship or a negative one, the more complicated analysis shows a non-monotonic pattern for three of six offenses. However, we contend that these divergent patterns for cross-sectional relative to longitudinal data are not necessarily indicative of an “anomaly.” Instead, they represent different aspects of a dynamic process in need of more extensive theorizing. Finally, the cross-sectional results showing that city size and crime rates are either not linked or when linked are in a non-monotonic pattern call into question one of the accepted relationships in criminology that have long guided thinking about crime.
From 1 to 12 December 2003, the Ninth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention took place in Milan, Italy. This conference continued the laborious effort of developing an international climate regime by preparing for the Kyoto Protocol’s entry into force. Some two dozen decisions were adopted on a wide range of options for responding to climate change. This paper assesses the progress achieved at the conference on a number of issues. Among these were operational details for implementing forestry projects under the Convention’s Clean Development Mechanism, and guidelines for reporting on greenhouse gas emissions and removals from agriculture, forestry and land-use change. Parties also decided on rules with respect to two funds, the Special Climate Change Fund and the Least Developed Country Fund. With respect to developing countries, Parties continued discussions on rules for building response capacity in light of the expected adverse effects of climate change and transferring environmentally sound technology. They also discussed how to incorporate scientific advice from the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change into the negotiations. Although Russia did not ratify the Kyoto Protocol prior to the conference, Milan demonstrated momentum and interest among Parties to support the climate regime. Nevertheless, it is doubtful whether the detailed discussions were able to contribute to preparing for the long term. To this end, this paper concludes that more discussion and leadership is required to bridge the North/South gap if a post-2012 climate regime is to stand. 相似文献