International Soft Law, Human Rights and Non-state Actors: Towards the Accountability of Transnational Corporations?

During this age of globalisation, the law is characterised by an ever diminishing hierarchical framework, with an increasing role played by non-state actors. Such features are also pertinent for the international enforceability of human rights. With respect to human rights, TNCs seem to be given broadening obligations, which approach the borderline between ethics and law. The impact of soft law in this context is also relevant. This paper aims to assess whether, and to what extent, this trend could be a proper path to enforce the legal accountability of transnational corporations for human rights. It will be argued that the interplay between law and ethics should be assessed differently depending on which kind of correlative duty is at stake. With regard to negative duties, soft law tools concerning TNCs’ conduct may weaken the impact of hard law. By contrast, when positive duties are concerned, insofar as the horizontal effect of rights cannot be assumed, soft law turns out to be much more useful.

公共事业民营化改革的认识误区及观念重构

公共事业民营化改革是我国公共部门改革中最为引人注意的一项变革,但是,实践表明部分公共事业民营化改革是不成功的,究其原因当然是多方面的,但其主要原因是人们对民营化改革存在认识误区——秉持民营化改革的成效取决于产权的变更,民营化改革的价值取向是效率至上,民营化是包治百病的灵丹妙药,民营化就是私有化等错误观念.公共事业民营化改革欲取得更好的成效,必须走出传统的认识误区,进行观念重构,要深刻地认识到:公共事业民营化改革成功的关键在于引入竞争;公共事业民营化改革不但蕴涵着公共价值危机,而且面临着严峻的风险;公共事业民营化改革需要一个强有力的政府来实施有效的监管.     

中国公共卫生财政资源分配公平性研究——基于社会剥夺的视角

"社会剥夺"是社会心理学的重要概念体系,本研究旨在基于社会剥夺的视角,对中国公共卫生财政分配的公平性及其公平性缺口进行定量评估.研究发现中国大部分西部和中部地区比多数东部地区具有较高的社会剥夺水平;较高社会剥夺水平的地区,其居民健康需求也较高;中国公共卫生财政资源地区间分布的公平性较差且部分地区公平性缺口较大;但公平性有逐年变好的趋势,这主要归功于政府对人均投入均等化的关注而并非对居民健康需求差异的关注.建议在新一轮医改中,政府应对公共卫生服务的"均等化"准确定位;应逐步建立以需求为导向的平等可及的转移支付机制,重点关注农业人口比重较大的地区,优先支持公平性缺口较大的地区;尽早开发科学有效的财政资源分配工具等.     

城市拆迁中的利益冲突与公共利益界定——方法与路径

对城市拆迁中公共利益的内涵、特征进行了重新梳理和辨析,在此基础上,探讨城市拆迁中公共利益的界定方法及界定路径,为城市房屋拆迁中公共利益实体界定的重复性问题和程序界定的虚化性问题提出了解决方案.研究认为,在我国城市拆迁中,公共利益缺乏制度层面的明确界定是城市拆迁中的利益冲突和产生拆迁纠纷的原因,表现在强制拆迁和在补偿安置问题上的对抗;基于城市拆迁中公共利益的性质和基本特征,需要综合运用逻辑演绎、要素甄别以及排除法来界定城市拆迁公共利益,并必须同时遵循形式上的程序判断路径和实质上的内容判断路径.     

Power and Public Chambers in the development of civil society in Russia

Embodying a state vision of how civil society ought to function and be designed by the authorities, Public Chambers in Russia have been criticized as means of state control. This state dominance is the starting point in this article, which asks what room to manoeuvre a regional Public Chamber has. Drawing upon fieldwork this article examines how members and local observers of the Public Chamber give meaning to this activity. The analysis assesses the role of state dominance, discussion of routines and responses to local demands, and concludes that these incremental developments form civil society in Russia.     

The rise of China as a constructed narrative: Southeast Asia's response to Asia's power shift

This article examines the rise of China from the perspective of three selected countries – the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia – in Southeast Asia. I argue that their perceptions of China's rise are political constructs: while the objective reality may be an increasingly powerful China, their responses have been far from uniform. They vary in ways that are shaped by their domestic politics. These constructed narratives serve their respective political agenda, from leadership legitimacy to the supremacy of a party faction. Since theories of international relations tend to fixate on power politics between great powers, this article explains how and why small regional powers add to the process of understanding China's rise. In short, regional states’ domestic politics affect their narratives of China, and therefore affect how China's rise is being understood in the region and beyond.     

应对公共健康危机的药品专利强制许可实施困境与对策

药品专利强制许可作为一项应对公共健康危机的制度在国内外均得到了立法与政策体认.鉴于其所关涉利益关系的复杂性,这项制度从产生至今仍然争议不断.具体到这项制度的实施,其程序和效果存在更多不确定性.尽管当前一些国家已经通过实施强制许可以应对新冠肺炎疫情,但是围绕发展中国家能力不足、除了专利之外药品所涉其他知识产权许可的不确定...     

中国对东盟教育服务贸易：优势、问题与对策--以东盟来华留学生教育为视角

当前教育国际化已成为经济全球化的重要组成部分,是时代发展的大趋势。中国—东盟自由贸易区是世界第三大自由贸易区,近年来随着自贸区合作机制的不断成熟,中国与东盟各国在教育领域的合作也不断深化。教育服务作为重要的文化交流手段,对中国—东盟经济合作有着重要的推动作用。国际教育服务及合作给中国—东盟自由贸易区提供一条新的发展路径,是今后中国与东盟合作的又一大渠道。我们在充分认识到我国对东盟教育输出的优势的同时,也应看到在此方面存在的一些问题和不足,从而更好地实现中国与东盟在教育服务贸易领域的合作。     

新加坡网络内容管理的经验及启示

新加坡作为世界网络互联程度最高的国家之一,在网络内容管理方面采取“三管齐下”的方针,一是实施轻触式管理制度,二是鼓励行业自律,三是加强公众教育,提高网络安全意识。近年来,随着网络应用的日益广泛,新加坡出台了《分类许可证制度》、《互联网操作规则》和《垃圾邮件控制法案》等政策法规以完善其网络管理。新加坡网络内容管理既实行严格的法律制度,也实行价值观宣传等柔性管理政策。新加坡相关政策的制定不仅符合其本国历史文化及发展实践,还随着网络的广泛应用以及政府的重视而日益完善,其成功经验值得学习和借鉴。     

Governance modes,policy regimes and operational plans: A multi-level nested model of policy instrument choice and policy design

Policy goals and means exist at different levels of abstraction and application and policies can be seen to be comprised of a number of components or elements, not all of which are as amenable to (re)design as others. Defining and thinking about polices and policy-making in this way is very useful because it highlights how policy design is all about the effort to match goals and instruments both within and across categories. That is, successful policy design requires (1) that policy aims, objectives, and targets be coherent; (2) that implementation preferences, policy tools and tool calibrations should also be consistent; and (3) that policy aims and implementation preferences; policy objectives, and policy tools; and policy targets and tool calibrations, should also be congruent and convergent. Policy instrument choices can thus be seen to result from a nested or embedded relationship within a larger framework of established governance modes and policy regime logics. In this contextual model, the range of choices left at the level of concrete targeted policy instrument calibrations—the typical subject of policy tool analysis—is restricted by the kinds of decisions made about policy objectives and the appropriate tools to attain them, and both of these, in turn, by the kind of choices made at the highest level setting out general policy aims and implementation preferences.