University students’ support to penalty enhancement for hate crime

Laws enabling penalty enhancement for crimes motivated by hostility or prejudice, i.e. hate crimes, have become common in many countries. However, laws as a measure against hate crimes have been contested, because their deterrent effect has gained none or little support in the (limited) literature, and they may be considered symbolic rather than deterrent. This study investigates attitudes towards penalty enhancement for hate crimes. Previous empirical investigations of this question are scarce. The material consists of a survey targeting nearly 3000 Swedish university students. Support for penalty enhancement for hate crime was moderate, shown by one third of the total sample. Results supported the premise that students belonging to a minority group, assumed to be at risk of hate crime victimization, agree to a higher extent of penalty enhancement than students belonging to the majority. Previous victimization experiences and worrying about being victimized were not significantly related to punitive attitudes. However, respondents who perceived the risk of victimization to be increased for minority groups in general were more likely to support penalty enhancement for hate crime. Findings should be confirmed in a nationally representative sample since the public’s perspective on the criminal justice system is important for understanding and dealing with the social problem of hate crime.     

Unregistered residents and registered crime: an estimate for asylum seekers and irregular migrants in Norway

The purpose of our study has been to better estimate the number and types of crimes committed by asylum seekers and irregular migrants. While data on immigration status for non-residents are lacking in Norwegian crime statistics, we use indirect identifiers (lack of a national ID number, citizenship, residency) to arrive at an estimate for persons with a pending asylum claim and the related group of irregular migrants (i.e. non-EU citizens). A very small amount of the total crimes registered with a known offender are committed by this group. However, these groups are most likely overrepresented as offenders compared to the registered resident population, also when taking age and gender into consideration. Our method is recommended in a field otherwise dominated by political arguments and as an alternative to registering asylum status in crime registers.     

School climate and delinquency – on the significance of the perceived social and learning climate in school for refraining from offending

School is regarded as a central arena for crime prevention. This study analyses the effects of student perceptions of school contextual aspects on self-reported offending, using logistic regression with control for clustering effects. The data comprise a census of pupils in year nine in comprehensive school (15 year olds) and in year two of upper secondary school (17 year olds) in the City of Stockholm in 2006, 2008 and 2010 (n = 25,850 of which 47% are boys and 53% are girls). Besides showing that several aspects of students’ perceptions of the school setting have direct protective effects on offending, the study shows that perceiving schoolwork as meaningful appears to moderate the effect of adverse home conditions on delinquency for boys. The only aspect of school investigated in this study that was not significantly related to offending was the perception of classroom order, indicating that emotional support from teachers is more important for crime preventive implications than maintaining order in the classroom. Controlling for clustering effects shows differences in offending between classes and schools that are not produced by differences between the students.     

论伪造货币罪

货币是与国计民生和经济发展关系极为密切,古今中外各国的刑事立法都毫不犹豫地把伪造货币的行为规定为犯罪予以刑法上的严厉打击,以维护货币的独力与稳定。本文就伪造货币罪的概念、构成特征、司法认定和刑事处罚等问题进行了探讨。     

论网络裸聊的刑法规制

网络裸聊是一种新型网络视频交流形式,从实然的角度看,聚众式裸聊和牟利式裸聊应当构成组织淫秽表演罪和聚众淫乱罪。     

民用爆炸物品安全管理方法思考

目前涉及民用爆炸物品的各种案件和事故频繁发生,严重危害了公共安全和生产安全,给国家和人民群众生命财产带来重大损失,涉爆问题成为当前影响社会稳定的重大问题。近年来我国政府对民用爆炸物品的管理愈来愈重视,出台了新的规范,加大了监管力度,但即便如此,涉及民用爆炸物品的事件还是屡屡发生。这其中的原因是多方面的,既有管理机制的,也有认识方面的。     

犯罪压力下的警力资源不足之探讨

中国警力资源不足是客观存在的,造成中国警力资源不足最为主要的原因是犯罪压力太大,而不是警民比例"太低",警民比例"低"是受认识和计算方法的影响所至,仅用警民人数比例生搬硬套来说明警力不足既不全面也不科学,存在很多理论上的误区和漏洞.除犯罪压力影响外,经费保障不足和资源结构配置不够合理造成警力资源失衡、警察体制机制问题、警察工作倦怠以及警察大量的身心健康问题也加剧了警力资源的不足.针对警力资源不足,可采取的相应对策有进一步深化改革,推进"三基"工程建设,将工作落到实处,注重在科技强警上下功夫,给警力松绑,增加经费的投入,从制度上提供良好的后勤保障环境,从优待警,留住警察人才,以及关心警察、注重解决警察的身心健康问题等.     

论我国少数民族地区的犯罪矫正

我国复杂的民族状况决定了对我国少数民族地区犯罪进行矫正的特殊性及难度,对于少数民族地区的犯罪矫正既要考虑到国家法律的一元性,也要考虑到民族民间文化为犯罪矫正提供的多元化进路。不论是精神性矫正模式、社区性矫正模式还是正式性矫正模式,都需要针对少数民族同胞设计具有民族特点的犯罪矫正机制,使犯罪矫正工作在我国的少数民族地区获得更高的质量。     

我国禁毒立法的历史演进（1949—1998）

我国禁毒立法秉承了自晚清以来三次禁毒运动的成果,并且以革命根据地时期禁毒的立法实践为历史渊源。1949年至1978年间,禁毒立法以中国共产党和各级政府的相关政策、文件为主要法律形式,以各大行政区的立法为重心。1979年至1998年间,以“严打”为政策导向,逐渐建立了以刑法为主、行政法与地方立法为辅的禁毒立法体系,主要法律形式有刑事法律、行政法律、行政法规、部门规章及其他规范性文件、“两高”司法文件、批准、签署的反毒国际公约和条约、地方性立法及其他规范性文件、民族自治地方的立法等。1998年以后,禁毒政策和立法都出现了一些新动向。