Investments in Global Warming Mitigation: The Case of “Activities Implemented Jointly”

This paper examines bilateral cooperation between developed countries (home country) and developing countries (host country) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to enhance carbon dioxide sinks. With the home-host country pair as the unit of analysis, our logistic regression model examines 158 Activities Implemented Jointly (AIJ) investment projects from 1993 until 2002 across 2541 country-pairs. Because the marginal costs of reducing emissions may be lower in developing countries, the AIJ projects served as a policy laboratory to assess whether such investments might be advantageous to both countries in the event future regimes allowed emission credits from such bilateral projects. Instead of investing in home countries where maximum pollution reductions (or carbon sequestration) might be possible, home countries invest in locations where they can conduct their policy experiments at low transaction costs. Prior trade and aid relationships were used as a proxy. Regarding energy projects, location decisions are driven by home countries’ desire to reduce air pollution that they receive from abroad. Geography – proximity of a host country to a home country – in interaction with host country's coal production, is a very important driver of location decision in AIJ energy sector projects. Location of sequestration projects is impacted by the host country's potential for avoiding deforestation as well as by previous aid and trade patterns between a home and a host country. Proximity is not important in this case.     

恐怖主义对国际和平与安全的影响--兼评安理会的相关立场

安理会是联合国集体安全制度的核心机关 ,在打击恐怖主义方面起着独特和举足轻重的作用。它从对国际和平与安全影响的角度审视恐怖主义 ,并以联合国集体安全制度对抗恐怖主义。它对恐怖主义对国际和平与安全影响的认识经历了逐渐深入的过程。目前 ,这一认识的框架已基本形成。     

国际人道主义法与国际人权法之比较

国际人道主义法旨在为一方权力之下的武装冲突受难者提供人道主义保护 ,保护的是战争中不与军事必要相冲突的人权 ,它有着悠久的历史渊源和一整套国际实施机制。国际人权法旨在为所有作为人所享有或应享有的基本权利提供平等的保护 ,它适用于任何个人和任何情势。人权纳入国际保护始于二战结束以后 ,它主要由国内法来保障。由于国际人道主义法和国际人权法在对个人权利的保障上存在着共同的价值取向 ,容易使人们混淆两者之间的关系 ,其实两者是国际法的不同分支部门 ,但它们存在着交融之处 ,并互相影响、互相作用。     

论美英等国反恐怖军事行动的国际法依据及其存在问题

美英等国反恐怖军事行动依据的是国际法上的自卫权,同时,具有联合国安理会的授权。但是,从国际法的角度和国际关系的实践来看,存在三个问题,即自卫权的延伸和扩展、证据问题和审判问题。国际关系是国际法的实质渊源,变化着的国际关系正在为国际法充实相应的内容。     

国家自卫权的实施与打击国际恐怖主义

国家自卫权的实施限制是:受到武装攻击;自卫应在安理会采取必要办法之前;向安理会报告实施的自卫措施并在安理会的监督下进行。此外,国家自卫权的实施必须符合国际法已确立的"必要"和"相称"的原则。在反恐实践中,受害国已经成为武力攻击的主体;武力攻击主体和自卫对象出现不一致;实施国家自卫权的地域延展;实施国家自卫权的时间已经不限于武力攻击的当时或较短暂的准备期之后;国家自卫权的实施主体更加复杂,强度超过必要、合理和不过分的要求。打击恐怖主义是国际社会的一项长期而艰巨的任务;国家自卫权只是合法使用武力的一种例外情况;在未来的国际法发展中,对国家自卫权的实施仍应予以严格的限制。     

瞿秋白与共产国际直接指导召开的中共六大

中共六大是由共产国际直接指导召开的,是中共党的历史上惟一一次在国外召开的代表大会。瞿秋白作为上届党中央的主要负责人和盲动主义错误的主要施行者,既是大会筹备和召开的主要组织者和主持人,又是大会的主要被批评对象。在中共六大上,瞿秋白因犯过盲动主义错误,失去了共产国际的支持,其领导职务被工人出身的向忠发接替。由同一个人来承担党代会批评甚至是批判的接受者以及唱主角的组织者,这在中共历次代表大会中是惟一的一次;而一个在党的代表大会上唱主角的党中央主要负责人又没有被大会当选为继任,这同样也是中共历次代表大会中的惟一一次。另外,六大诞生了中共党的历史上惟一一任工人出身的总书记。可以说,这么几个"惟一"都与共产国际的直接安排密切相关。     

国际私法研究机构:国际私法成文化法典化的推动力——英国国际私法发展的实践启示

成文化法典化是当今国际社会国际私法发展的普遍趋势。素来坚持判例法传统的英国 ,在近 30年来 ,其国际私法成文法也正日益取代判例法的主要地位。英国国际私法的变化主要是各种国际私法研究机构推动的结果。英国的实践对我国国际私法立法发展有启示意义 :必须加强中国国际私法学会的工作 ,发挥其在国际私法改革中的骨干作用 ;积极参加统一国际私法的各种国际组织的立法活动及其制定的公约 ,采纳国际社会的普遍实践 ;以“普遍主义”作为我国国际私法法制建设的指导思想 ,加大国际私法改革中的对外开放度。     

中国国家利益与美国主导的国际反恐利益的重合与排异——兼论中国外交空间的开辟和外交资源的利用

国际恐怖主义与国际反恐斗争引起国际关系的急剧变化和大国关系的调整.大国关系的调整及缓和源于大国安全观念的变化.尽管中国国家安全利益与美国主导的国际反恐利益之间存在一些分歧,但也有较多利益交汇与重合.这为中国外交提供了更为广阔的活动空间,也为中国积累了新的外交资源.中国可着力于外交空间的开辟和外交资源的利用,扩大"两个利益"间的共同点,同时,缩小并弥合分歧,从根本上维护中国国家安全利益.     

纽约国际海事仲裁员大会述评

本文介绍了 2 0 0 1年 10月在纽约召开的第十四届国际海事仲裁员大会的主要论文及发言的要点 ,反映当今国际海事仲裁更加宽松的法律环境以及海事仲裁国际化、现代化的新发展、新趋势 ,并对中国海事仲裁的现状作了评论     

Bringing the battlefield into the classroom: using video games to teach and assess international humanitarian law

The graphic and widespread atrocities committed during conflicts around the world and broadcast across 24/7 news and social media have made war never feel so close and the powerlessness of law seem so real. This raises difficulties in engaging students in real-life decision-making quandaries where military necessity meets legalism, as well as fundamental ethical questions about the use of realistic, yet explicit, imagery in the classroom. The School of Law at Queen’s University Belfast has developed a series of innovative computer scenarios based on the Arma 3 open world tactical war simulator. A variety of formative scenarios (addressing issues such as cluster munitions and landmines) were developed to familiarise the students with the factual scenario and the computer technology. Subsequently, students engaged in a summative assessment to test their legal understanding in the face of increasingly challenging conflict situations, in particular grey zones where legal argument can justify seemingly morally wrongful acts during war. This paper examines both the learning objectives of this project, and the project development cycle – from the initial proposal to its implementation in class, as well as positing the benefits and drawbacks in integrating technology and games into the legal teaching environment, reflecting on the emerging and traditional pedagogy in this area.