Are Internet protocol addresses personal data? The fight against online copyright infringement

Internet Protocol addresses [IP addresses] are central for Internet electronic communications. They individualize computers and their users to make the delivery of data packets possible. IP addresses are also often used to identify websurfers for litigation purposes. In particular, they constitute a key in the fight against online copyright infringement to identify infringers. However, it is a matter of dispute to know if IP addresses are personal data. In a review of relevant case law, the present paper seeks to identify when IP addresses are - or should be - considered as personal data. It suggests a contextual approach to the concept of personal data.     

伪满洲国的县级地方财政

伪满洲国成立初期,县成为日本侵略者统治的重点,鼓吹实行县的"自治"。对于县级地方财政,通过建立以日本人为主体的税务监督署,牢牢控制了地方征税机关。在进行国税与地方税分离的同时,进行税制整理,并建立预算决算制度,通过改变旧军阀的"包办"财政,实现对县级地方财政的掌控。1935年《地方税法》发布,初步理顺了地方财政。1936年省地方费设立,蚕食了县市的财源,使本来便脆弱不堪的县级地方财政受到沉重打击。太平洋战争爆发后,伪满洲国亦建立战时体制,为此迫切要求县市实现财政自立,1940年再次对县级财政进行改革。日本侵略者通过对县级地方财政的掌控,实现了对中国东北地方的侵略和掠夺。     

Recent trends in suicides utilizing helium

Retrospective review of cases of suicide involving helium inhalation was undertaken at Forensic Science South Australia over a 25-year period from 1985 to 2009. No cases of helium-related suicides were identified in the first 15 years of the study, with one case between 2000 and 2004 and eight cases between 2005 and 2009. Australian data were also reviewed from 2001 to 2009 that showed 30 cases between January 2001 and June 2005, compared to 79 cases between July 2005 and December 2009, an increase of 163%. A review of Swedish data between 2001 and 2009 showed no cases between January 2001 and June 2005, compared to seven cases between July 2005 and December 2009. Thus, all three areas showed recent and striking increases in cases of suicide involving helium inhalation. Given the availability of helium and the recent promotion of this method of suicide, it is quite possible that this may represent a newly emerging trend in suicide deaths.     

我国国际收支“双顺差”问题思考

近年来,我国出现了持续的、大量的国际收支"双顺差",即经常账户和资本与金融账户持续高额"双顺差"。虽然持续的"双顺差"对我国的经济产生了一定的正面影响,表明我国的综合实力和国际竞争力不断增强,但也对我国经济形成了一定的负面影响,反映了我国经济发展过程中存在的矛盾。应借鉴国际通行做法,结合我国的国情,制定出一套适合的解决办法,妥善处理我国国际收支的"双顺差"问题。     

对公安机关开展网上舆情引导工作的探析

基于互联网高速发展而生成的网络舆论,在社会舆论中发挥着较大的作用,其折射出的社会现象和现实冲突也对社会稳定和管理产生越来越大的影响。公安机关要在不断做强网络舆论引导工作的同时,积极探索方式方法,针对当前舆论引导工作中存在的问题,完善网络舆论监测体系,开辟舆论疏导渠道,强化正向引导效力,注重先期引导,积极促进信息网络安全立法,以健全完善网络引导工作机制。     

The Wisdom of Which Crowd? On the Pathology of a Listening Government

This article considers the claims made by members of the current UK Coalition government to adopt a new style of listening, consultative politics based upon the so‐called wisdom of the crowd. It considers how these claims have—and could have—been acted upon, focusing upon two central policy proposals; the funding of higher education and the reform of the National Health Service.     

公共人物理论视角下网络谣言的规制

对于公共人物制造或传播网络谣言的现象,需要结合自媒体时代背景,在完善公共人物理论的基础上进行有效规制。传统的公共人物理论有效地平衡了公众、媒体和公共人物之间的权利,但自媒体的发展使得这一平衡被打破,应对公共人物理论进行拓展与深化:公共人物的主体范围应当扩展至法人及其他社会组织;在定性侵权行为时,应区分实质恶意与一般恶意。对公共人物网络谣言进行有效规制,要理性认识这些谣言的积极与消极作用。直接的规制方式包括可追索的匿名制度、通过制度设计达到适度的"警示效应",间接的规制方式包括构建理性的网络文化以及培育公平竞争的"思想市场"等。     

我国农户小额贷款发展问题及对策研究

农户小额贷款作为农村金融的重要组成部分,其能否有效运行在一定程度上影响了农村金融对“三农”的支持力度.本文结合我国的实际情况,从制度和政策支持、增加农户小额贷款资金供给、优化农村金融环境、完善农户小额贷款担保体系等方面提出解决我国农户小额贷款问题的对策和建议.     

Addressing identity crime in crime management information systems: Definitions,classification, and empirics

Identity fraud as a term and concept in its formative stages was often presumed to be identity theft and visa versa. However, identity theft is caused by the identities (or tokens) of individuals or organisations being stolen is an enabling precursor to identity fraud. The boundaries of identity fraud and identity theft are now better defined. The absence of specific identity crime legislation could be a cause of perpetrators not classified as breaching identity crimes but under other specific entrenched law such as benefit fraud, or credit card fraud. This metrics overlap can cause bias in crime management information systems. This study uses a multi-method approach where data was collected in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. These approaches are used as a lens for defining different classes of online identity crimes in a crime management (IS) security context. In doing so, we contribute to a deeper understanding of identity crime by specifically examining its hierarchical classes and definitions; to aid clearer structure in crime management IS. We seek to answer the questions: should current law around identity fraud continue to be reinforced and measures introduced to prevent identity crime; should laws be amended; or should new identity crime laws be constructed? We conclude and recommend a solution incorporating elements of all three.     

论“土地财政”的效应、成因及其法律解决之道

“土地财政”是指地方政府在财政资金短缺的情况下,主要利用土地出让法律制度和土地税费法律制度来获取财政收入以充实本地政府财源的行为.地方政府的“土地财政”行为引发了正负两方面的效应,对负效应的分析显然更为重要.地方政府的“土地财政”行为有其深刻的制度成因.解决“土地财政”的法律措施是完善财政收支法律制度,合理配置中央和地方的财政权限;改革和完善财政转移支付法律制度;改革现行的土地制度和土地征收制度.