2010年驻伊美军军事法庭司法实践考察

2010年，在“伊拉克自由行动10—11”中，美军战区军事法庭的成功实践表明：战区军事法庭能否正常展开取决于军事司法系统的有效性以及军事司法人员的个人能力；当司令部和军事司法人员都对战区军事司法非常重视时，军事法庭系统是完全能够部署的；良好的组织架构促进了战区军事司法实践，明确案件管辖权尤为重要，就地审理战区案件更为快捷。美军战区军事法庭的经验值得我军学习借鉴。     

Co-Reach in IPR in New Media Workshop: CLSR co-hosts policy meeting on ISP Liability

The Co-Reach Workshop on ISP Liability on December 7, 2010 was organised by the Co-Reach IPR in New Media at the Herbert Smith Conference Center in London. The policy-making workshop was co-hosted by Computer Law and Security Review, as part of its aim to position itself at the forefront of policy discussion drawing upon the high quality scholarly contributions to the journal from leading experts around the world.     

风险社会与侵权损害救济途径多元化

现代风险社会给人们带来更多的不确定性和不安全感,传统侵权法律制度在面对不断涌现的新型侵权行为以及灾难性、大规模的人身损害事故时存在局限性。对此,我国《侵权责任法》在功能定位、保障范围、加害事由、归责原则等方面的制度设计,对风险社会的现实状况和生活形态作出了回应,尤其强化了侵权法的救济功能。侵权法的这种制度变化改变了我国责任风险的原有形态;同时,在侵权法律体系内也不可能完全解决对受害人的赔偿和救济问题,由此给责任保险和社会保障制度提供了更大的发展空间。在以侵权法、责任保险和社会保障为主体的多元救济体系中,各项制度之间应注意协调,避免赔偿不足或赔偿过度。     

医疗损害鉴定研究：江苏模式与北京模式比较——基于《侵权责任法》的视角分析

《侵权责任法》实施后我国并没有形成统一的医疗损害鉴定制度。江苏和北京高级法院分别对医疗损害鉴定的具体内容及部分具体鉴定制度进行了明确规定。二者最大的区别在于对医学会鉴定和法医鉴定这两种鉴定模式的优先选择不同。江苏模式优先选择医学会组织的医疗损害鉴定。能够从专业的角度保障医疗损害鉴定工作的完成．但建议加大力度完善医疗损害鉴定的监督机制及省属范围内的异地鉴定制度。北京模式则相对倾向医疗损害司法鉴定。建议完善医疗损害鉴定人的准入制度及医疗损害司法鉴定程序并构建医疗损害司法鉴定专家库。医疗损害司法鉴定制度构建过程中,建议遵循医疗损害鉴定统一性、专业性、标准化及监督的原则。     

论专利侵权救济中的停止侵害制度

长期以来,停止侵害的救济方式被认为是判定专利侵权后的当然结果。但是,我国专利法领域中的侵权责任不同于传统大陆法系国家的侵权责任,并不仅仅把侵权行为视为债的发生原因之一,侵权责任也不仅包括损害赔偿。因而,停止侵害请求权不宜被视为一种绝对权的请求权,而应当基于侵权责任产生。美国法上＂永久禁令＂制度为我国重构专利侵权救济中的停止侵害制度提供了一条新的思路。应当重新思考,在限制停止侵害救济当然适用的基础上,重构我国专利法中的停止侵害制度。     

No room at the inn: American responses to Australian immigration policies, 1946–54

ABSTRACT

After the Second World War, Australia introduced a new immigration policy based on the concept of ‘populate or perish’. Through the International Refugee Organization (IRO), 170,000 DPs migrated to Australia between 1947 and 1950, funded by the United Nations and the Australian government. Jews were largely excluded from this programme and the Minister for Immigration even prohibited the IRO from continuing to support the migration to Australia, based on family reunion, of individual Jewish survivors. In addition, the Australian government introduced other discriminatory policies that ensured that Jews remained only 0.5 per cent of the overall population. Based on archival research in the files of the Hebrew Immigration Aid Society and the American Joint Distribution Committee, Rutland and Encel analyse the entrenched racism in Australian society that contributed to these policies, and the reactions of the American Jewish leadership to them.     

试析公平责任之理论基础

在法学领域,公平就是正义,衡平则是实现公平正义的手段,公平责任从根本上讲是出于对个案正义的追求,是衡平这种法律适用方法在侵权责任法中的具体表现;公平责任立足于矫正正义,且充分体现了矫正正义,是沟通一般正义与个别正义的桥梁,其主要通过赋予法官自由裁量权来实现;公平责任是公平原则在侵权责任法领域的具体应用。     

不完全行为能力人侵权责任构成之检讨

依立法者原意,我国侵权责任法第32条第2款系规定被监护人对受害人的无过错责任,且排除责任能力制度的引入。但此种规定过于偏惠受害人,对被监护人不公,不利于未成年人保护,与同法第33条发生评价上矛盾,与比较法上认识不合,实为法政策上失误。故应采客观解释,认为该款仅规制监护人与被监护人之间的内部求偿关系,被监护人责任之构成,则应适用第6条第1款之一般过错责任。至于责任能力制度之阙如,可以过错概念之操作暂时弥补其不足。监护人责任之基础,在于监护义务之违反,性质上属于自己责任、独立责任。监护人责任之构成适用第32条第1款之无过错责任,悖于立法目的,且与同法第9条第2款发生评价上之矛盾,自立法论而言,以改采过错推定为宜。解释论上,只能充分利用同条第1款后段之责任减轻规范,扩张监护人之责任阻却事由,对"行为人致人损害"要件作严格认定(尤其是要求行为人须具备客观过错),稍作弥补。此外,无论是监护人还是被监护人,都可能依特定要件,向受害人承担同法第24条之公平责任。在对受害人之关系上,监护人与被监护人承担连带责任。     

Cyber pornography in India and its implication on cyber café operators

Cyber pornography plays an accessory role in negative social issues such as child abuse, violence against women, rape, inequality, relationship and family breakdown, youth crime, promiscuity and sexually transmitted diseases. Cyberspace and the pornographic matter transmitted through it have created challenges for India’s antiquated laws. The lack of jurisdictional boundaries and the sheer volume of traffic that the Internet can handle, as well as the potential for anonymity have resulted in a complete lack of control over what appears on the Web at the click of a mouse button. Before there was no liability of a cyber café owner but with the introduction of the Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008, the responsibilities of Cyber Café owners have only increased. This paper deals with the Cyber pornography, its legal implications and the liability of cyber café owner under the Information Technology Amendment Act, 2008.     

论我国立法和司法对法定外在标准的过度依赖——以我国医疗损害责任鉴定与诉讼实践为例

我国法中存在着在侵权法问题的判定上过度依赖"法律法规"、"行业标准"和"诊疗规范"的倾向。这些"外在"标准替代了法官对法律"内在"规则的审视和适用。行业标准替代了法律标准。比如,在医疗过失判定标准上,法官过度依赖"诊疗规范",忽视了基本法律标准——注意义务违反说和"合理医生"标准——的探寻和适用。我国法应纠正此种现象,注意对法律规则,比如医疗过失和因果关系判定规则的细心构建,以给法官具体指导。"法律法规"、"行业标准"和"诊疗规范"在侵权法中是判定过失的重要标准,但不是终局性和根本性标准。