证人出庭作证问题研究

证人出庭作证是保证司法公正的基本措施。针对我国司法实践中普通存在的证人拒绝出庭作证的现象 ,有必要从转变司法观念 ,建立强制证人出庭作证制度 ,完善证人保护制度 ,贯彻直接言词原则 ,建立证人特权制度等方面 ,有效解决证人出庭作证的问题。     

地方人大常委会的设立及其变迁

地方人大常委会并不是和人大制度同时诞生,它是改革开放后加强民主与法制建设的产物,它的设立使地方人大成为更有权威的人民权力机关。对"一府两院"的监督是宪法赋予地方人大常委会的重要职能,但应对监督的范围和方式予以明确规定。对"一府两院"的监督应包括"违宪监督",对"两院"行使监督权时以不干涉司法独立为限。     

论公安机关司法鉴定机构设立模式的完善

随着司法改革的逐渐深入，与证据制度、诉讼制度、司法制度有密切联系的司法鉴定制度必然要随之做出相应的调整。公安机关司法鉴定机构经过50余年的发展历程，现已成为我国司法鉴定机构中的主体力量。为适应侦查工作的需要，公安机关司法鉴定机构在一定时期内仍有存在的必要。为了克服“自侦自鉴”所带来的弊端，可以严格分立、分设侦查职能部门和从事鉴定活动的部门。另外，为适应诉讼活动及司法改革的实践需要，可以允许公安机关的司法鉴定机构依法面向社会从事有偿服务。     

三维立体显微镜在文件检验中的应用

目的通过应用先进的仪器设备,让我们从另一个角度观察文检痕迹特征,寻找到一个文件检验的新视角。方法利用三维立体显微镜,从微观的三维状态下分析文检的痕迹特征(上下位置)。结果能有效区别笔迹书写与印章的先后顺序;打印字迹和印章的先后顺序,同一支笔书写形成的交叉笔划的先后顺序;准确区别打印文书和复印文书等。结论借助三维立体显微镜,能使文件检验水平向前迈进一步。     

民初大理院审判独立的制度与实践

清末颁行之《法院编制法》首倡审判独立 ,可是成效未彰清室已亡。民国初期 ,民国北京政府所颁行之宪法文件皆明定审判独立原则 ,当时的最高法院———大理院依照宪法原则以及法院编制法 ,厉行审判独立 ,其影响横向及于其他中央机关 ,纵向影响及于地方司法机关 ,可谓最大限度地排除了其他机关对审判权的干涉。然而民国初期正值军阀混战、政局纷扰之际 ,大理院所致力的审判独立事业亦难免为时局所累。     

亚太经济一体化背景下跨境破产的区域合作

《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》的签署进一步推动亚太地区投资与贸易的自由化,跨境破产案件将逐渐增多,鉴于各国跨境破产国内立法发展不平衡的状况,形成区域合作多边机制是破解难题的有效路径。亚太自贸区跨境破产区域合作注重与国际规则对接的同时,应兼顾成员国法律传统与司法制度的特点,在区域内构建以承认与协助主要破产程序为中心的司法协助制度,厘清与界定外国破产程序和破产判决概念,明确主要破产程序的效力与管辖权确定标准,统一承认与协助外国破产程序的审查规则与程序规则,保证区域内跨境破产司法协助的确定性与可预见性。认同平行破产程序在现阶段解决跨境破产争议的合理性,在区域内推进形成主从程序协调机制。建立法院间交流与合作机制,促进跨境破产案件在区域内的高效审理。     

The forensic investigation of vehicle–pedestrian collisions: A review

Rapid urbanisation, a steady increase in the number of vehicles, speeding, negligence in road safety, and other factors have led to the inevitable worldwide growth of road traffic accidents involving pedestrians. According to the ‘Global Status Report on Road Safety’ released by the World Health Organization, road traffic collisions are one of the leading causes of death for people of all ages, with approximately 1.35 million road fatality deaths occurring globally each year. Figures from the report also highlight that a large part of road deaths involves pedestrians as the most vulnerable road users. Therefore, forensic examination of vehicle–pedestrian collisions has become increasingly important in the detection, investigation and reduction of road casualties and permanent development of this discipline is urgently needed. Thus, this article aims to review the capability and effectiveness of forensic examination in tackling road fatalities and explores the most important aspects of this discipline, such as nature of a vehicle–pedestrian collision, common issues resolved by this type of examination and typical physical evidence used in the reconstruction of vehicle–pedestrian collisions. Moreover, the paper outlines the latest advances and approaches in the field.     

Color Separation in Forensic Image Processing Using Interactive Differential Evolution

Color separation is an image processing technique that has often been used in forensic applications to differentiate among variant colors and to remove unwanted image interference. This process can reveal important information such as covered text or fingerprints in forensic investigation procedures. However, several limitations prevent users from selecting the appropriate parameters pertaining to the desired and undesired colors. This study proposes the hybridization of an interactive differential evolution (IDE) and a color separation technique that no longer requires users to guess required control parameters. The IDE algorithm optimizes these parameters in an interactive manner by utilizing human visual judgment to uncover desired objects. A comprehensive experimental verification has been conducted on various sample test images, including heavily obscured texts, texts with subtle color variations, and fingerprint smudges. The advantage of IDE is apparent as it effectively optimizes the color separation parameters at a level indiscernible to the naked eyes.     

非制式枪支射击自制底火子弹弹壳痕迹检验

由制式64式手枪改制的枪支,其射击弹头、弹壳上的痕迹位置、形态也因改制手法和部件的不同而存在差异,给检验增加了难度,利用其射击弹头、弹壳上的痕迹对发射枪支进行同一认定具有重要的意义。本案中,笔者在非制式64式手枪的拉壳钩上使用颜色标记,并对标记枪支发射的带有自制底火的改制弹壳进行检验,从而对拉壳钩在异常位置遗留的痕迹进行了确认,为使用异常位置拉壳钩痕迹进行发射枪支的同一认定提供了依据。     

民事诉讼中利用真实印文伪造证据的系统鉴定

本文以四个案件为例,阐述了民事诉讼中利用真 实印文伪造证据的特点,如何对此类案件进行鉴定以及鉴 定时应注意的问题,最后提出了三点建议。