完善我国民事诉讼缺席判决制度的思考

在民事诉讼过程中,被告一方不能出庭参加审判活动时,法律规定需按照缺席判决程序处理。而我国关于缺席判决制度的规定比较粗糙。为此,需借鉴他国经验,对我国缺席判决制度进行完善。     

从司法解释的作用看我国法律适用体系的重构

抽象的法律规范与具体的案件事实之间永远存在着沟壑,法律适用才是法律真正生命意义所在。由于种种原因,许多法律条文过于原则、抽象甚至含糊,给法院适用法律造成了很大的困难。大量司法解释不仅填补了法律漏洞,而且为法官裁判案件提供了更为具体、明确的规则依据。因此,要从整体协调的角度,正视和反思包括司法解释在内的我国法律适用体系的现状,理顺和重构我国法律适用体系,重塑司法权威和司法公信力,实现公正与效率。     

唐代刑事证据制度考略

唐代是中国封建社会经济、政治和文化发展的鼎盛时期,其法律制度也达到了古代封建法制的最高水平。唐代总结其前代王朝刑事证据之经验并有所创新,直接影响着后世。唐代立法和司法实践体现了据证惟实、重视伦理权衡等证据原则,主要证据形式包括口供、证人证言、物证、书证和勘验笔录,相应的取证方法主要有取得口供和证言的刑讯、获取实物证据的现场勘验和搜查,司法官员运用经验和逻辑推理综合审查和运用证据。     

Expert examination and assessment of state under the influence of psychoactive substances

An expert examination is a medical examination performed by a doctor on the order of a police officer or investigating judge. It includes a clinical examination of the subject, collection of samples for toxicological analysis, and the doctor's assessment of whether the subject is under the influence of psychoactive substances. The doctor requires expert knowledge, skill, experience and sufficient time to successfully perform the examination. Since the accurate assessment of the effects of psychoactive substances present depends on a comprehensive evaluation of toxicological test results, the calculation of results at the time of the event and the results of the medical examination, an unprofessionally performed examination can have far-reaching consequences, primarily legal in nature.     

红外线合成图像在变造文件检验中的应用与分析

在文件检验中,黑白红外线照相是一种检验变造文件的方法,然而,在某些情况下效果欠佳。为了提高检验的准确性,不妨可以应用红外线合成图像的方法。应用Photoshop图像处理方法,根据红外线彩色照相的感光原理和色彩再现过程,对数码照相机拍摄的可见光图像和红外线图像进行适当处理,即可生成红外线合成图像。这种图像可以反映字迹对可见光和红外线的吸收与反射情况,通过判断字迹颜色有否改变来检验书写色料的异同。由此可见,利用红外线合成图像方法检验某些变造文件,可以获得黑白红外线照相无法得到的检验结果,这对提高鉴定结论的准确性具有实际应用价值。     

公民知情权的实现——以公众参与为视角

<政府信息公开条例>的颁布实施为建构阳光政府带来了希望.为避免这种希望不被现实中"封闭"的具体行政和"短腿"的司法实践笼罩于阴霾之中,为从根本上使公民知情权的实现得以有效保障,应对域内外知情权和信息公开制度的演进变迁历程进行比较分析,就消除法院顾虑以有效制衡行政权力的有效路径进行实证探寻,对公共治理模式中的公众参与加以积极推进.只有如此,才能最终使公民的知情权不至于沦为可望不可及的"海市蜃楼".     

中国行政司法监督的困局与出路

对国家行政权的行使实行全方面的密切监督,这既是传统法学的要义之一,又是现代法治的基本特征之一。中国改革开放三十年最大的法治成果之一,就是建立了行政诉讼制度,并相应地制定了《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》。但中国目前的行政诉讼以及通过司法审查实现的行政司法监督,由于观念的滞后和体制的欠缺正处于欲罢不忍、欲进不能的困局之中。分析这种困局产生的原因并找出走出困局的出路,正是当下中国法学界面临的紧迫课题。本文尝试对此做些探讨。     

Age determination of ballpoint pen ink by thermal desorption and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

Two main approaches can be used for determining the age of an ink: indirect dating and direct dating. Indirect dating is based on the chemical analysis of an ink followed by comparison with known samples in a reference collection. The collection should contain information about the inks including the market introduction dates. This approach may allow for an anachronism to be detected. The second concept is based on measuring ink components that change with age. The analysis of solvents in ballpoint inks may be a useful parameter for determining the age of ink on paper. In a previous study, the authors demonstrated that thermal desorption of ink directly from paper, followed by chemical analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), is a promising procedure for characterizing ink-binder resins and solvents. Preliminary tests showed that monitoring the evaporation of ink solvent from ink on paper is not a suitable method for ink dating. Thermal analysis of ink on paper in two steps revealed that fresh ink releases a relative amount of solvent at a certain low temperature in a defined period of time, which decreases as the ink ages. As a consequence, this relative amount of solvent released at a certain low temperature, and its decrease with time, can be used to estimate ink age. This age-dependent parameter was studied in 85 different inks ranging in age from 1 week to 1.5 years. It was found that some inks showed a significant decrease of this parameter up to an age of several months, and that the aging process can be monitored within this period. For other inks, however, the age-dependent parameter decreases relatively fast, e.g., within a few days, to a constant level, which can be too fast for casework. Based on these results, a general procedure for assessing the age of ballpoint pen inks on paper was developed.     

A calculation of the theoretical significance of matched bullets

Abstract:  The comparison and identification of bullets from the striations that appear on their surfaces, after they have been fired from a gun, have been practiced since the 1920s. Although the significance of the correspondences of these impression marks has been empirically justified, there is a conspicuous absence of any theoretical foundation for the likelihood. What is presented here is the derivation of the formulae for calculating the probability for the correspondence of the impression marks on a subject bullet to a random distribution of a similar number of impression marks on a suspect bullet of the same type. The approach to the calculation entails subdividing the impression marks into a series of individual lines having widths equal to the separation distance at which a misalignment of striations between the two bullets cannot be distinguished. This distance depends upon the resolution limit imposed by the microscope as well as by the visual acuity of the examiner. A calculation of the probabilities for finding pairs and triplets of consecutively matching lines on nonmatching bullets, by an examiner with normal perception using a microscope at 40× magnification, produces values that agree well with the empirical probabilities determined by Biasotti in the 1950s and when determined for larger consecutive sequences suggest that they are extremely unlikely to occur. The formulae can be used to determine the probabilities for the random occurrence of any sequence of striae and provide a straightforward way to quantitatively justify the significance of a specific match between any two bullets.     

论司法对高校惩戒学生行为的合理审查

在我国走向法治的背景下,高校治理中的法律问题逐渐凸现,特别是对高校惩戒学生行为的司法审查问题成为我们必须关注的重要课题。在处理好"特别权力关系"理论与高校治理关系、"大学自治"与司法权关系的前提下,应建立起有效的司法监督机制,以保障学生免受高校惩戒行为的侵害;在综合考虑高校惩戒行为的主体、权力的属性、事务的性质等诸种因素的基础上,应在民事诉讼和行政诉讼之间选择合理的司法介入方式。