Factors Influencing the Filing of Complaints,Their Investigation,and Subsequent Legal Judgment in Cases of Sexual Assault

In Geneva, examination of victims of sexual assault is performed by a gynecologist and a medical examiner. 48% of the victims file a complaint and we wanted to investigate the factors leading to file a complaint, those leading the Prosecutor to go to trial, and those influencing a conviction. Between 2006 and 2012, 676 victims of sexual assault were investigated (averaged age 26 year, mean 22). Information on injuries, perpetrators, and circumstances of the assault was collected and analyzed. The attacker being the ex‐spouse or a friend and the presence of semen were factors leading to file a complaint. The assailant being a family member or ex‐spouse and the presence of genital/anal lesions were factors influencing the Prosecutor. The presence of nongenital lesions, the assailant being known by the victim, influenced conviction. This study shows that the medical examiner plays a vital role in the investigation of cases of sexual assault.     

Investigating the effect photodegradation has on natural fibres at a microscopic level

It is a known fact that when fabric is left exposed to sunlight photodegradation occurs. However, no study has ever looked at the photodegradation that occurs to individual fibre filaments as commonly recovered from a scene of crime. To look at photodegradation of individual fibres, wool and cotton fabric were dyed using CI Acid Red 27 and CI Direct Red 80 respectively at two depths of shade, 0.25% and 2.0% owf. Pieces of fabric and individual fibre samples were then placed in a Light Fastness Q-Sun 1000 Xenon test chamber which simulated exposure to sunlight over two time periods, 64 h (equivalent to one weeks sun exposure) and 128 hrs (equivalent to two weeks sun exposure). The resulting pieces of fabric and fibres where then examined using high power comparison microscopy, as well as graded for colour fading using SDC Grey Scale for Assessing Change in Colour (including half steps). Results show that in both fibre types, photodegradation occurs in all samples, however, the degree of fading is shown to vary within a given fibre population showing it is unpredictable in nature.     

非法证据排除规则的框架与反思

2017年新出台的有关非法证据排除问题的司法解释从实体和程序两个方面发展了我国现有的非法证据排除规则。该解释细化了“非法取证行为”的内涵,初步确立了重复性供述的排除规则,完善了程序性辩护制度,进一步明确了检察机关、法院在审判前和审判阶段排除程序中的主导作用。但不可否认的是,受司法体制等因素的影响,我国非法证据排除规则在实体的排除对象上仍存在一定的结构性难题;而在程序上,律师在程序性辩护中仍面临的一些制度性障碍、嫌疑人及其辩护人在审判前排除程序的参与不足以及审判阶段排除程序的形式化等都是亟待解决的问题。为了保证非法证据排除规则的有效实施,应当从根本上增强法院审判的独立性、权威性和公正性。     

论美国的政治司法化

在美国 ,司法成为了强大的政治力量 ,政治责任从立法和行政向司法转移。美国联邦法院的法官之所以能够承担政治司法化的功能 ,是因为他们拥有一项强大的权力 :司法审查权。由于拥有司法审查权 ,美国联邦法院通过判例为政治生活树立了新的行为标准 ,承担着重要的政治责任。联邦法院以普通法院审判诉讼案件的方式行使司法审查权 ,能使法官巧妙的解决政治纠纷 ,既约束法官的权力 ,同时又能使司法审查充分发挥作用 ,对美国的政治生活起着莫大的影响     

论不动产登记错误的法律救济--以房产登记为重心

加强不动产登记错误的法律救济,是完善我国不动产登记制度的重要内容和目标。我国的不动产登记机关应当统一,并逐步向法院统一管辖过渡。不动产登记行为本质上是民事行为,而非行政行为。对不动产登记应采实质审查制,以强化登记机关的责任。不动产登记错误属民事侵权行为,应通过民事诉讼予以更正和补救。设立赔偿基金,以完善不动产登记错误的赔偿机制。     

晚清中央司法机关的近代转型

晚清进行的司法改革首先从中央司法机关法部与大理院的转型开始。中央司法机关既要对自身机构进行改造 ,以适应新的职能的需要 ;也要调整好部院之间的关系 ,以实现司法独立。这一转型过程十分艰难 ,尤其是部院关系的协调颇费周折。通过部院转型这一视角可以透视司法改革的行动者对于改革全局的影响 ,展现中国司法制度近代化的生动侧面。     

"能上能下":干部人事制度改革的关键

解决干部"能上能下",是当前干部人事制度改革的重点和难点.必须从适应当前新形势、新任务的要求,确保国家长治久安的高度,充分认识解决干部"能上能下"问题的重要性和紧迫性.要进一步解放思想,更新观念,为干部"能上能下"营造良好的社会氛围.要坚持"扩大民主"和"引入竞争"的原则,建立干部"能上能下"的科学机制.要建立和完善科学有效的干部考察考核办法,为干部"能上能下"提供科学的、令人信服的依据.     

入室盘查嫌疑人之战术研究

盘查战术是警察在执行公务、侦查违法犯罪案件时经常使用的战术之一。如果战术运用得当,常常能成功地破获大案、要案。文章介绍了警察在对居室、公共和娱乐场所进行盘查时,应该根据不同的情况,对空间进行有效的"占位",与嫌疑人之间形成合理的"站位",以利于执法实践,提高执法水平,减少伤亡。