司法认知制度探索

无论哪个诉讼模式、法院体系亦或哪种类型案件都有司法认知的存在。它是人类理性与经验在诉讼中的映射,有助于在诉讼效率和司法公正的实现中找到理想的平衡点。掌握司法认知的基本原理,有助于法官正确司法,准确地裁判案件,避免错案的发生。     

从治理工具到宪政力量——驳英国普通法早期发展过程中的悖论

英国普通法早期发展曾被多数人认为是中央集权过程中行政权力的副产品,但是,从普通法自身发展演进中的探究中可以推翻这一悖论。“诺曼征服”后英国普通法作为中央治理手段渐渐走向司法权的专业化、分工化道路,产生并附着于普通法制度之上的法律职业、法律教育从职业利益、职业观念等方面同样强化着普通法的独立自主性。制度一旦诞生便具有了不以个人意志为转移的生命力。     

The probative character of Forensic Handwriting Examiners' identification and elimination opinions on questioned signatures

This 5-year study investigated the character of Forensic Handwriting Examiners' (FHEs) authorship opinions on questioned signatures through the medium of blind validation trials. Twenty-nine thousand eight hundred and eleven authorship opinions were expressed by FHEs on trial kits comprising randomized questioned genuine signatures (written by the specimen writer), disguised signatures (written by the specimen writer) and simulated signatures (not written by the specimen writer). Results showed that, as a group, FHEs were significantly more confident at identifying writers' genuine signatures than identifying writers' disguised signatures or eliminating specimen writers from having authored simulated signatures. It is proposed that the difference in FHE confidence arises from the difficulty they have in deciding which alternative authorship explanation accounts for perceived combinations of similar and dissimilar features between specimen and questioned signatures.     

试析以事实为根据以法律为准绳原则司法价值理念的变迁

本文以发展的眼光,对我国法律中的以事实为根据以法律为准绳原则进行了回顾与反思。并从该项原则所具有的实事求是的马克思主义思想基础、朴素的现代法治理念,以及符合中国社会实际的立法科学精神等方面,论证了其在我国社会主义法制建设中得以立足的现实合理性。在此基础上指出了现实司法实践中大量地存在着对"双以"原则认识僵化的问题,而这些僵化落后认识的存在,是由于我国长期的社会变迁所造成的。     

行政首长应当出庭应诉吗?——在司法的技术、权能与功能之间

从司法技术的角度看,首长应诉制度存在"去专业化"之倾向,无助于提升司法的公正性。但此制度可在一定程度上缓解由于法院司法审查权能之实际不足所引发的行政诉讼之整体危机,并对行政纠纷之彻底解决有所助益,故其在当下具有一种作为权宜性策略的适行性。但是,《行政诉讼法》不宜直接规定首长应诉制度,而仅需对被告委派代理人出庭作出一般性宣示。     

建国初期司法改革运动述评

建国初期的司法改革运动是新中国法制建设史上的重大事件。开展此次运动是当时巩固人民政权、实行人民民主专政、维护革命秩序的要求,成绩很大。但是由于对旧法观点包括西方资本主义国家的法律思想未能采取实事求是的态度而予以全盘否定,对新中国后来的法制建设和法学发展产生了不可低估的负面影响。回顾、总结此次运动的经验和教训,正确处理法律的阶级性与普世性、司法与政治、司法官职业化与司法大众化以及司法程序化与司法便民化之间的关系,对于当前进行的司法体制和工作机制改革具有重要的现实意义。     

玻璃折射率数据处理方法初探

目的探讨玻璃折射率数据处理方法。方法将案件中收集到的45个玻璃样品和同一个车灯不同部位的45块玻璃样品进行折射率测定。用独立样本Student’st检验、welch检验以及方差分析（ANOVA）对数据进行成对检验。结果方差分析法中Dunnett’s C法处理玻璃折射率数据,有效控制了第一类和第二类错误。当α=0．05时,犯第一类错误的概率约为4．44％,犯第二类错误的概率约为3．54％。     

证据科学的走向:国际视野与中国语境——对证据问题研究领域的初步分析

我国证据科学的出现既是英美证据法学知识传统发展演变的结果,也是回应国内司法证明领域转型的一个重要发展。证据科学的本质是司法证明领域诸多学科之间在应对新的时代问题所作出的一系列变动和整合,而变动和整合的方向则取决于社会需求和司法证明领域多学科之间的竞争。我国司法证明领域的转型所提出的一系列问题为司法证明领域诸多学科的互动提供了最基本的动力。中国证据科学应该以这些问题为核心,在解决问题的过程中形成中国证据科学的基本格局。     

关于犯罪现场勘查课程考核方式的思考

考核是教学的有机组成部分,考试的目的在于促进学生的学习,巩固他们所学知识,提高他们学以致用的能力。犯罪现场勘查学作为一门实践性很强的学科,其考核的方式对学生知识和能力的培养起着十分重要的意义,探讨当前犯罪现场勘查课程的考核方式并提出改革对策,有助于培养符合公安实战需要的合格人才。     

Could Defects on a Rubber Stamp be Reproduced on a Duplicated Rubber Stamp?

The examination of stamp impressions has been an integral part of questioned document examination since its inception. Matching in design details and unique defects has proven to be essential factors for rubber stamps and stamp impression examination. In this study, several duplicate stamps were made from various rubber stamp manufacturers in Hong Kong, from the same original stamp impression(s). The objective was to examine the stamp impressions prepared from these duplicated stamp products and compared with each other and to determine whether they could be distinguished from the source stamp impression(s); by comparison of the size and defects deliberated introduced onto the latter. Further consideration of this study was an attempt to create a perfect duplicate stamp from an original stamp impression. The results of the analysis showed that the quality of source stamp impression(s) and scanner device of the stamp manufacturing process, and the knowledge of the stamp manufacturer were critical to the quality and outcome of the duplicated stamp products. It is concluded that although a perfect duplicate stamp could only be made under several essential control conditions, it was still possible to create a duplicate stamp that replicated the features of the original when a high-quality source stamp impression was available.