行政处罚中“一事不再罚”原则探究

"一事不再罚"原则作为行政处罚适用中的一项基本原则,已为我国法学界普遍认同,但如何理解和适用,在理论和实践中还存在不少分歧,也暴露出该原则理论上的不成熟和迫切的现实需要之间的矛盾。为保护公民、法人或者其他组织的合法权益,规范行政处罚实施,实现罚当其过,解决实践中的重复处罚、多头处罚问题,应进一步明确该原则的内涵,统一其适用原则和标准。     

超期羁押问题的思考及对策

超期羁押是当前困扰我国司法实践的一大问题,司法制度的不完善是造成超期羁押的主要原因。文章从司法体制和实践方面对超期羁押问题提出了解决对策。     

论回归社会为导向的教育矫正刑

罪犯来源于社会,回归社会。监狱矫正罪犯,从基本理念的确立到具体路径的选择,都要充分考虑到这一基本要求。回归的价值导向,决定了监狱矫正罪犯的内容和路径不能仅仅满足监狱自身的需要,而是应立足于罪犯回归的需要。对罪犯的矫正与改造,其本质的涵义就是通过教育,转变罪犯的心理结构,能够使罪犯学会基本的生存技能、文化知识、道德法律规范和社会交往能力。以教育为核心,就是需要在罪犯矫正的全过程贯彻教育人、矫正人的宗旨,能够发挥教育的主导性作用。     

认罪认罚从宽与台湾地区刑事协商之比较研究

我国台湾地区在接受"改良式当事人进行主义"后,又于2004年4月引进了刑事协商程序。大陆地区当前试点之认罪认罚从宽制度与我国台湾地区刑事协商程序在适用范围、当事人权利保障及具体程序运作等方面存在差异。对于认罪认罚从宽制度而言,刑事协商程序有可借鉴之处,但更要总结其经验教训。为避免出现理论根基不稳、实践效果不彰的现象,认罪认罚从宽制度应当充分调动控辩双方积极性、强化对犯罪嫌疑人及被告人的认罪自愿性审查、明确值班律师的定位。     

Analysis on the Quantity of Offence of "Fraud Loan"

“Fraud Loan” is a new criminal phenomenon that started to appear recently. Its basic form is fraud, but more than ten types of crimes such as provocation, forced trading, extortion, robbery or kidnapping may be committed just because of the diversity of ways of obtaining property. To identify the number of crimes convicted by “Fraud Loan”, three principles should be adhered to. Firstly, all acts of the perpetrators should be evaluated comprehensively so as to maximize the protection of legal interests. Secondly, it is necessary to prohibit repeated evaluation to protect the human rights of the accused. Thirdly, we should make an overall evaluation to conform to the cognitive regulation. When the act of purpose and means of the perpetrators violate different crimes respectively, the heavier one should be chosen. Those who directly “claim debt” through violence, coercion, kidnapping, etc., are escalated into serious crimes such as robbery and kidnapping. If perpetrators violate other legal interests of the victim in addition to the crime of property, they will also be punished for multiple crimes.     

改写历史的两种手法:再论劳动教养制度改革

劳动教养的强制性质不足以表达教育的真谛;短期隔离式保安处分也未能实现预防再犯的目的;由公安机关聆询程序改为司法控制,确实有可能大幅减少被处分对象的数量,但这却引出了有无改制和立法必要的重大议题.改写历史的另一手法是:将收容教养、强制医疗、强制戒毒各自归属刑法、刑事诉讼法以及禁毒法调整,同时借刑法修正之势,通过有限犯罪化,分流那些处于犯罪边缘的原劳教人员.     

Is overpunishment fairer than underpunishment? Perceptions of deviations from equity

Abstract

Three studies are presented which test hypotheses derived from Equity Theory, Prospect Theory and the principle of Diminishing Marginal Value with regard to preferences for overpunishment and underpunishment in the assignment of penalties to offences of varying severity. The first two studies showed that, with different subject samples, offences, and kinds of punishments, subjects indicated a marked preference for over-punishment rather than underpunishment, when both over punishment and under-punishment deviated from ideal, or equitable, punishment to the same degree. However, the effect was only apparent for serious offences. A third study showed that the overpunishment preference for a serious offence existed even when the overpunishment deviated 30% more from ideal punishment than underpunishment, but again no preference was shown' for the less serious offence. As the results cannot be readily explained in terms of any of the three explanatory principles, a possible explanation in terms of concept of negative reciprocity is advanced.     

PUNITIVE SENTIMENT

Scholarship has long noted the importance of understanding the changes that occur over time in aggregate public support for punitive criminal justice policies. Yet, the lack of a reliable and valid measure of this concept limits our understanding of this aspect of the criminal justice system. This research develops a measure of public support for punitive policies from 1951 to 2006 using 242 administrations of 24 unique survey indicators. It argues that punitive sentiment is politically constructed via frames focusing on the permissiveness of the criminal justice system. Punitive sentiment is estimated with an error‐correction model showing both the short‐ and long‐term relationships between punitive sentiment and presidential framing of crime, public dissatisfaction with social welfare policies, and perceptions of racial integration. The results highlight the complex dynamics responsible for the change over time in punitive sentiment as well as the possibilities of obtaining public support for alternative solutions to crime.     

PENALITY AND THE PENAL STATE

The sociology of punishment has developed a rich understanding of the social and historical forces that have transformed American penality during the last 40 years. But whereas these social forces are not unique to the United States, their penal impact there has been disproportionately large, relative to comparable nations. To address this issue, I suggest that future research should attend more closely to the structure and operation of the penal state. I begin by distinguishing penality (the penal field) from the penal state (the governing institutions that direct and control the penal field). I then present a preliminary conceptualization of “the penal state” and discuss the relationship between the penal state and the American state more generally.     

Ethnic Origins and the Disposition of Delinquents in Israel

Theoretical considerations lead to the hypothesis that the dispositions of juvenile cases affecting Oriental Jews will be harsher than those affecting European Jews in Israel. Further, that Arab juveniles will be dealt with more harshly than will either European or Oriental Jews. Analysis of official delinquency data reveals that this is the tendency. However, the authoritarian structure of the Arab community rather than prejudice explains the difference in handling Jewish or Arabic cases.