The Nurturing Neighborhood: The Brownsville Boys Club and Jewish Community in Urban America, 1940–1990, by G. Sorin

Abstract

Corporal punishment (CP) refers to the deliberate infliction of physical pain on children in response to an apparent disobedience or disapproved behavior. It is still used in educational settings in numerous nations worldwide, including Bangladesh. Despite the government’s efforts to ban corporal punishment in Bangladesh, the practice is prevalent, with children routinely enduring various punishments in the school system. Questions remain related to how widespread this practice is and whether certain groups of children (e.g., low income or rural) are being affected more severely than others. This article explores the use of physical punishment in Bangladeshi elementary schools and the socioeconomic variables that may be predictors of its use. The primary research questions that guide this article are: (1) do socioeconomic characteristics (i.e., gender, age, education, school type, parental socio-economic status) predict physical punishment in the school system in Bangladesh? and (2) is there a statistically significant relation between poverty and physical punishment for elementary school children in Bangladesh? Findings indicate that of the 450 children included in the sample, more than 86.6% were subjected to at least one form of physical abuse (e.g., hit with a stick or slapped) and types of abuse varied by their demographics. Findings also show that poverty status is a strong predictor of physical punishment in the school within Bangladesh.     

外国刑罚体系的特点及对我国的启示

我国的刑罚体系基本上停留在20世纪50年代中期的水准,已经落后于时代的要求。改革刑罚体系,重新设计刑罚体系的结构,使之与社会发展和惩罚犯罪的实际需要相适应,是我国刑罚改革面临的首要问题。世界各国的刑罚体系在整体结构上既有普遍性,又有特殊性,我们应本着立足于我国国情、尊重历史的原则,严谨地借鉴其他国家的经验,积极完善我国的刑罚体系。     

行政刑法视域下我国单位犯罪处罚制度之完善

我国（《刑法））规定中的单位犯罪大多是行政犯罪,而由于单位自身的组织性与意志由集体决策的特性,对单位犯罪处罚制度的研究,就不能仅局限于在刑法领域进行探讨,而应该在刑罚措施适用的基础上,从单位内部的制度完善及外界的配套监督等方面,探寻预防单位违法犯罪的新思路。因此,从行政刑法的角度研究单位犯罪的处罚制度,既是一个崭新的研究视角,也有利于立足单位的自身特征,明确处罚单位犯罪的价值目标,完善我国相关制度设计,从而有效预防单位犯罪。     

外来务工人员处刑轻缓化考察

2005年、2006年度某市检察院受理审查起诉的刑事案件的实证统计数据表明,外来务工人员被告人的非监禁率水平偏低,非监禁化没有得到应有体现,主要存在文化理念、客观现实、司法成本障碍。建议严格执行高检院慎重适用逮捕措施的精神,加强司法机关的科技办案能力,增加财政投入,制定外来务工人员轻刑案件轻缓化实施意见。     

陷害教唆行为研究——兼及与犯罪停止形态的关系

在系统梳理中外立法与理论关于陷害教唆的规定和学说的基础上,以陷害教唆的体系地位即教唆故意为立足点,具体分析了七种情况下陷害教唆的认定和处理问题,驳诘了各种偏颇之论。     

Reassessing the Influence of Criminal History in Federal Criminal Courts

Abstract

Prior sentencing research indicates that defendants with more extensive criminal histories receive more punitive dispositions and that criminal history influences sentencing decisions over and above its influence on the guideline recommended sentence. To date, these additional effects of criminal history have almost exclusively been treated as linear effects. However, there are plausible reasons to expect that criminal history could have curvilinear effects on sentencing outcomes that taper off at higher scores. The purpose of this paper is to explore the potential curvilinear effects of defendant criminal history on incarceration, sentence length, and downward departure decisions in federal criminal courts. The findings suggest that criminal history has curvilinear effects on each of these sentencing outcomes. As criminal history category increases, defendants receive more severe sentences, net of other factors, but only up to a certain threshold level, at which point criminal history effects taper off and even reverse.     

论环境行政处罚裁量的规制——以生态环境治理体系现代化为框架

面对日益激增的环境风险，立法规制局限、司法规制消极、行政规制乏力，难以规制环境行政处罚裁量权的行使，更增加环境行政处罚决定的履行难度。现代化生态环境治理体系构筑的政府、企业、社会公众三元主体结构，为环境行政处罚裁量规制提供了新的框架。在此三元结构框架下，以传统行政理论为基础，可以形成行政自制、协商规制、社会规制，共同作用于在环境行政全过程，规范并制约环境行政处罚裁量的行使。     

Race,economy and punishment: inequity and racial disparity in imprisonment, 1972–2002

Guided by the Rusche and Kirchheimer thesis, this study examines variation in incarceration rates across states. Time-series regression analysis is applied to 30?years of state-level data to examine how economic factors interact with aggregate measures of race/ethnicity in predicting rates of incarceration. The analysis indicates that income inequality, not unemployment, is the most salient predictor of incarceration rates. That is, state-level measures of income inequality exert a strong, positive effect on state-level incarceration rates, and this effect is particularly salient in the presence of higher percentages of African-Americans.     

Racial and ethnic differences in the consequences of school suspension for arrest

A growing body of literature has demonstrated that when schools suspend students, the suspension acts not as a deterrent but as an amplifier of future punishment. Labeling theory has emerged as the predominant explanation for this phenomenon, suggesting that the symbolic label conferred along with a suspension shapes how other people perceive and respond to labeled students. Few studies, however, have attended to racial/ethnic differences in this process even though critical race theory suggests the consequences of suspension likely differ across racial/ethnic groups due to prevailing racial/ethnic stereotypes. This study uses six waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1997 (N = 8,634) to examine how the relationship between suspension and subsequent arrest differs for White, Black, and Hispanic students. Using a series of within-person analyses that control for time-stable personal characteristics, this study finds that suspension amplifies Black and Hispanic students’ risk of arrest relative to that of White students. White students’ risk of arrest was not amplified by suspension and, in some models, was diminished. This study's findings underscore the importance of understanding the labeling process as different by race/ethnicity and indicate that suspension is particularly harmful for Black and Hispanic relative to White students.     

论认罪认罚从宽制度中“协商性基因”激活之路

认罪认罚从宽制度实质上是"协商性司法"的本土化表现,在两者机理存在交叠的条件下,探索该制度中内含的协商性要素便极具必要性,而探索的方向则是挖掘"协商性司法"与"对抗性司法"该两类模式间的联系。鉴于我国语境下的"协商"必然从"对抗"中萌芽,且对抗性司法又须以"以审判为中心"的刑事诉讼理念的落地为前提,因而,欲使该项制度就其附着的多元价值得到合理演绎,不仅需要与诉讼程序多样化的需求相适应,还应依照不同价值的特性适配以恰当的衔接机制。显然,审判中心诉讼格局的形成有可能为"重罪琐案"中控辩关系的重构加注推力,从而激活认罪认罚从宽制度中长期隐匿的"协商性基因"。