我国新《商标法》背景下商标侵权案件损害赔偿的司法适用

我国现行商标侵权案件的损害赔偿存在着判罚数额低,法定赔偿被过度适用,商标侵权赔偿的酌定情节泛化等问题。在我国新《商标法》出台后,确立了商标侵权案件的损害赔偿应坚持四步骤的赔偿计算方法,使得法定赔偿成为最后的衡量依据。在商标侵权案件的归责原则上应确立过错推定原则为主,以过错责任为辅的二元归责原则,即在商标损害赔偿的归责原则上以过错推定责任为依据,在适用商标惩罚性赔偿时,适用过错责任。在惩罚性赔偿适用的证明标准方面,应适用比一般民事侵权案件更高的证明标准,以防止权利滥用。最后,在商标损害赔偿额的计算和衡量方面,先要对商标的价值进行评估,进而对不同种类的商标适用不同的评估方法。在补偿性赔偿的基础上如果侵权人主观恶意明显且证据足以达到清晰且有说服力的证明标准时便可以适用惩罚性赔偿,以最大限度地弥补被侵权人的损失,同时防止侵权人未来侵权行为的发生。     

危害食品安全犯罪之罪名体系考

危害食品安全的行为不仅包括生产、销售问题食品的行为,而且还包括非法生产、销售违禁原料的行为、假冒注册商标的行为、非法广告的行为以及相关监管主体的渎职行为。针对这些行为,我国《刑法》规定了相应的罪名,形成了危害食品安全犯罪的罪名体系。但是,学界目前对这一体系的研究还不够深入。有鉴于此,有必要全面梳理我国《刑法》中与危害食品犯罪相关的罪名,分析这些罪名之间的关系,以期有助于司法实践中对危害食品安全犯罪之罪名体系的理解与适用。     

有限公司股权善意取得规则的司法适用

2011年最高法院发布的《公司法司法解释三》第26条、第28条正式为股权善意取得确立了规范基础,但在适用情形、构成要件及法律效果方面均不清晰,给司法适用带来很多困难。结合现有规范及实务经验,股权的善意取得规则在司法适用上应以最类似的不动产所有权作为参照对象,通过对股权善意取得的具体适用情形、构成要件及法律效果进行细致分析,可以得出股权善意取得制度具有现实可操作性的结论。     

裁判、和解与法律文化传统——ADR对司法职能的冲击

当ADR裹挟着和解文化席卷全球,世界各国的司法系统均遭到巨大冲击,正式性司法一头独大的局面被改写。随着国家干预纠纷的手段由暴力强制转向和平协商,司法职能亦由裁判走向和解。无论基于结构性原因抑或传统及意识形态,ADR及其和解理念已经进入各国的司法领域,导致审判的衰落与和解的增长以及法官角色的更新与法院性质的嬗变。和解在司法领域的兴起虽具有政治、社会及法律职业等方面的正当性,但司法裁判的价值仍旧不容忽视。可以说,司法职能从来不是一成不变的,从正式性司法与非正式性司法相互渗透的历史发展中只能得出这样的结论:司法系统正在从单纯的公力救济领域变成公私合作的场合。     

The impact of cuts in legal aid funding of private family law cases

The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (LASPO) made deep cuts to legal aid in the UK from April 2013, withdrawing state aid from almost all private family law cases. The paper is based on the findings of a micro-study of solicitors and Citizens Advice Bureaux (CABx) in Kent and London to investigate the impact of LASPO cuts on their work. The findings suggest that: legal aid firms have closed or merged; legal aid work is often partially carried out in solicitors’ own time; ‘unbundled’ services for litigants in person (LIPs) are increasingly common; and family cases are being complicated and extended by the new ubiquity of the LIP. Respondents suggest that litigants may increasingly be ‘giving up’ on pursuing their cases, with clear implications for financial justice and contact with children. Further research is needed into the financial and affective impact of the cuts and the distribution of losses and difficulties between genders. The study, however, suggests the likelihood of post-separation poverty, debt and capital losses increasing in the post-LASPO environment, and that firms and CABx are having to find various methods of dealing with clients abandoned by the state.     

Medical–Legal Partnerships: How Legal Services can Dramatically Improve Health Outcomes,and the Missed Opportunity to Help Women Seeking Abortions

There are significant health disparities in the United States, with low‐income and minority Americans experiencing higher rates of chronic disease and autoimmune disorders. Research has firmly established that social factors ‐ such as malnutrition, limited access to healthcare, and safe housing ‐ play a critical role in these health disparities. Medical‐Legal Partnerships are a relatively new approach to improving the health of people living in poverty by addressing the root causes of these health‐harming social factors. This article discusses the benefits of Medical‐Legal Partnerships and argues for continued expansion of the model, particularly in pediatricians’ offices, because parents are more likely to seek medical care for their children than themselves. This article further discusses how legal constraints prevent federal funding for Medical‐Legal Partnerships in abortion clinics; this creates a missed opportunity to work with women who are seeking abortions, many of whom face considerable social and economic challenges that could be addressed through legal assistance. This article digs into the legal restrictions that create this missed opportunity and proposes potential solutions to better serve the vulnerable population of abortion‐seeking women.     

Reducing Domestic Violence and Improving Outcomes for Children: Funding Civil Legal Aid to Maximize Impact

Domestic violence survivors and children in foster care often experience significant unmet civil legal needs. Legal aid services, when adequately funded, can help close the justice gap for these two populations while improving safety, stability, and court efficiencies. However, despite ample literature demonstrating how legal aid can improve outcomes, almost half of those seeking legal aid services are turned away due to lack of resources. This article reviews the research and data about how legal aid can improve outcomes for people in the domestic violence and child welfare contexts. It also discusses how several state‐administered federal funding opportunities—including the Victims of Crime Act (VOCA) Victim Assistance Formula Grant Program, Title IV‐D child support funds, and Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) basic block grants—can fund the needed civil legal help.     

Understanding Parental Gatekeeping in Families with a Special Needs Child

Supporting the positive development of a special needs child is especially challenging when parents have separated or divorced. Invariably, there is an increased need for collaborative co‐parenting wherein information is shared and intervention plans can be implemented effectively. In this article, the evolving literature on parental gatekeeping is applied to families with special needs children, as it offers a useful model for understanding the strengths and liabilities of co‐parenting relationships. We describe some of the typical and unique gatekeeping dynamics that occur when children suffer from developmental, physical, and/or psychiatric syndromes that require specific treatment and specialized parenting skills. Examples of both restrictive and facilitative gatekeeping are described as they manifest in these families. Implications for decision making are also discussed.     

中国现代物流法制环境建设

本文分析了中国物流业发展及其法制环境的现状,指出中国物流业正处于从传统物流转向现代物流的过渡时期,良好的物流法制环境对于中国物流业的发展具有重要的制度支持与保护作用。在中国物流业法制建设的过程中,政府的作用举足轻重,物流法制环境建设涉及管理体制、基础设施建设、物流服务、市场准入和市场竞争等诸多方面。中国目前应当着手制定《物流业管理条例》,引导我国物流业健康发展。     

Fighting corruption in public procurement in post-communist states: Obstacles and solutions

Anti-corruption efforts in Europe’s post-communist states have been less successful than anticipated. Criticism has been raised against the role of the international community in promoting anti-corruption programmes. Besides, such programmes have been deemed vague and “all-inclusive”. They have largely failed to address local factors “informing” corrupt behaviour in post-communist states, such as (a) negative perceptions of law, and (b) informal practice.‘ I'd be grateful if you could retain the original sentence as it is more precise.