The Avalanche Perspective: women jurists in Korea 1952–2008

The author proposes and employs the Avalanche Perspective in analysing the entry of women into the Korean judiciary from the first pioneers in 1952 to the present. Starting from a general atmospheric warming trend towards women in postwar Korea, there developed instability in the status quo, then a breakthrough that led to a cascade of women participating in the legal profession. Although cultural resistance and political obstacles remained to be overcome, this quantitative expansion ultimately led to a greater acceptance of women’s participation in the judicial arena. Significant judicial changes that furthered the causes of women in contemporary Korea were coincident with women being members of the judiciary. The quantitative changes of the past fifty-six years opened the possibility of qualitative progress for women in the Korean judiciary. The Avalanche Perspective as applied to the judiciary in Korea, provides an understanding of the forces at work that have had a profound effect upon the place of women in the new cultural and political reality of the Korean people.

Is a Federal European Constitution for an Enlarged European Union Necessary? Some Preliminary Suggestions using Public Choice Analysis

In order to guarantee a further successful functioning of the enlarged European Union a Federal European Constitution is proposed. Six basic elements of a future European federal constitution are developed: the European commission should be turned into a European government and the European legislation should consist of a two chamber system with full responsibility over all federal items. Three further key elements are the subsidiarity principle, federalism and the secession right, which are best suited to limiting the domain of the central European authority to which certain tasks are given, such as defense, foreign and environmental policy. Another important feature is direct democracy, which provides the possibility for European voters to participate actively in political decision making, to break political and interest group cartels, and to prevent an unwanted shifting of responsibilities from EU member states to the European federal level.     

论跨境数据流动的内涵与原理

通过以技术发展、作用对象和概念术语为视角对跨境数据流动的演进历程进行梳理,并分别从“数据” “跨境”和“流动”三个维度把握其内涵与外延,发现数据跨越国界并非跨境数据流动的必需环节,不发生地理位置变化的跨境访问也可实现数据被境外主体掌控的效果.因此,将跨境数据流动界定为一国非公开机器可读的数据,可被境外主体控制或处理的过...     

弱人工智能时代的劳动价值论与劳动制度

随着弱人工智能时代的到来,物质生产与非物质生产全面自动化。这个正在生成的社会现实意味着经典劳动价值论“一切价值均来自人类劳动”的命题必须被重新思考。笔者以为,弱人工智能应被视为介于人与物之间的特殊劳动者。这样才能解释弱人工智能时代的价值创造问题。从这个角度出发,将弱人工智能视为物或工具就是一种未经反思的意识形态,其建构方向是资本原则与弱人工智能结合的永续生产模式。因此,只有强调并确立弱人工智能的劳动者地位,才能有效破除资本原则对社会发展模式的控制,将弱人工智能强大的生产能力服务于人类自由发展的目的。     

Do the illegal and legal rents of politicians affect municipal election outcomes? Empirical evidence

This paper aims to analyse whether illegal (corruption) and legal rent extraction (high politicians’ wages) affect electoral outcomes at municipal level. We use an initial sample of 145 Spanish municipalities over 50,000 for two electoral periods: 2004–2007 (before the crisis) and 2008–2011 (during the crisis). Our findings show that neither illegal nor legal rent extraction impact on re-election in non-crisis times. However, we observe that citizens penalize legal rent extraction in the ballots during the crisis. Regarding the economic performance of the local governments, we find that its effect on re-election is important in non-crisis period. Nevertheless, in time of crisis, given that the economic situation is bad in general in the country, voters pay less attention to economic factors and focus on politicians’ behaviour.     

民事责任能力范畴分析

民事责任能力是民法中的基础性概念.任何法律关系的主体只要具备民事主体资格,该主体即拥有民事责任能力.民事责任能力隐含在民事权利能力之中,享有民事权利、承担民事义务和民事责任的资格三位一体,构成民事权利能力不可分割的要素.民事主体的民事责任能力状况,与该主体的民事行为能力和认识能力无关.民事责任能力制度贯穿于合同法、侵权法等民法分则的各个组成部分,将其局限于民法分则的任何一部分都是对民事责任能力的不当割裂.     

能动司法的实现条件——一个中美比较的视角

近年来,司法能动作为一种与司法克制相对的司法意识形态,引起国内法学界和实务界的关注,很多学者和法官倡导在司法实践中应该充分发挥法官的自由裁量权,实行＂能动的司法＂。但是,能动司法的实现需要多方面条件和因素来支持,否则实行能动司法于法治是不利的。通过比较中美两国在法律文化、法律制度等方面的差异,分析美国能动司法的实现条件,发现中国的不足,有利于推动中国实行有限的＂能动司法＂,构建和谐的法治社会。     

我国新《商标法》背景下商标侵权案件损害赔偿的司法适用

我国现行商标侵权案件的损害赔偿存在着判罚数额低,法定赔偿被过度适用,商标侵权赔偿的酌定情节泛化等问题。在我国新《商标法》出台后,确立了商标侵权案件的损害赔偿应坚持四步骤的赔偿计算方法,使得法定赔偿成为最后的衡量依据。在商标侵权案件的归责原则上应确立过错推定原则为主,以过错责任为辅的二元归责原则,即在商标损害赔偿的归责原则上以过错推定责任为依据,在适用商标惩罚性赔偿时,适用过错责任。在惩罚性赔偿适用的证明标准方面,应适用比一般民事侵权案件更高的证明标准,以防止权利滥用。最后,在商标损害赔偿额的计算和衡量方面,先要对商标的价值进行评估,进而对不同种类的商标适用不同的评估方法。在补偿性赔偿的基础上如果侵权人主观恶意明显且证据足以达到"清晰且有说服力"的证明标准时便可以适用惩罚性赔偿,以最大限度地弥补被侵权人的损失,同时防止侵权人未来侵权行为的发生。     

税收优先权制度的反思

要确认税收是否优先于其他债权,必须权衡税收对社会的积极作用与对债权人的不利影响.显然,不同税种对社会生活具有的积极意义大小并不完全相同,对债权人利益的侵害程度也不完全一致,因此,现行税收优先权制度的存在依据是值得怀疑的,只有根据不同税种对公益与私益影响的权衡结果,建立区分税种的优先权制度,才同时符合民法的债权平等原则、...     

论我国对招标过程中商业秘密的法律保护

为了在日趋激烈的市场竞争中获得优势地位，竞争者越来越重视商业秘密，商业秘密具有实用性，能给权利人带来经济价值。各国法律都对商业秘密进行保护，既弥补了权利人保密措施的不足，也有利于市场经济的安全运行。标底是招标业主为准备招标而事先计算出来的一个合理的基本价格，本身属于一种商业秘密，这一属性常常被忽视。我国为标底提供了严密的法律保护，通过保护标底不受侵犯．来有效地规范招标过程中存在的不法现象。