腐败的社会心理探源与儒家廉政思想的现代意义

腐败是一种在人类社会的各个历史时期和各类文化群体中普遍存在的社会现象,但理论界对腐败的界定和成因并未达成共识。从社会心理学的角度来看,腐败是理性的个人经过高度精密的利益计算和反复权衡之后的结果,是经济人的原则入侵政治和社会领域的表现。腐败并非仅仅存在于公共的政治领域,任何职业和个人都存在腐败的可能。从源头治理腐败,需要根除滋生腐败的社会文化土壤,培育完善的道德和法律体系,增进个人的道德情操。我国传统儒家文化中含有的大量廉洁奉公思想可以为现代社会的反腐倡廉事业提供强大的思想源泉。     

毛泽东人生价值思想及对当代青年的启示

毛泽东的人生价值思想是在批判地继承中国传统人生价值观的精华、吸收借鉴西方资产阶级民主思想的合理成分及自觉接受马克思主义伦理思想的基础上形成的;它以全心全意为人民服务为核心,其思想内涵主要体现在对人生的价值依据、价值结构、价值标准、价值目标、价值实现条件及途径的揭示等方面;它启示当代青年必须把个人的志向与国家、民族的前途和命运相结合、自觉摆正个人利益与人民群众和集体利益的关系,正确对待中国传统文化和西方文化、坚持共产主义理想与目前阶段实践的统一.     

Commercializing biomedical science in a rapidly changing “triple-helix” nexus: The experience of the National University of Singapore

Since the late 1990s, the Singapore government had embarked on a significant push to develop the city-state into a major life-science R&D and industrial cluster in Asia. Although a major focus of this new thrust involves attracting leading life science companies overseas to establish operations in Singapore and developing new public life science research institutions to attract overseas life science research talents (Finegold, Wong, and Cheah (2004)), the local universities are expected to play an important role as well. In particular, the National University of Singapore (NUS), the leading university in Singapore, has also started to pursue major strategic change to become more “entrepreneurial”, and identified life science as a major focus for technology commercialization as well. Adapting the “Triple-Helix” framework of Etzkowitz, Webster, Gebhardt, & Terra (2000), this paper examines the significant changes in the university-government-industry “Triple-Helix” nexus for life science in Singapore, and their consequent impact on life science commercialization at NUS. Implications for universities in other late-comer countries seeking to catch up in the global biotech race are discussed.      

Patenting and spin-off creation by Canadian researchers in engineering and life sciences

This paper examines the determinants of patenting and spin-off creation using survey data of 479 researchers in engineering and 449 researchers in life sciences funded by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The results show that research novelty and laboratory size are the only two variables significantly explaining patenting and spin-off formation in both engineering and life sciences. Network capital explains spin-off formation in engineering and in life sciences as well as patenting in life sciences, but not in engineering. Furthermore, the results suggest that many categories of resources explain patenting and spin-off formation in engineering and in life sciences, but that the combinations of resources required differ for patenting and spin-off formation and between engineering and life sciences. The results of this paper suggest that customized policies would be required to accommodate differences between spin-off formation and patenting as well as between engineering and life sciences.      

THE RACE/ETHNICITY DISPARITY IN MISDEMEANOR MARIJUANA ARRESTS IN NEW YORK CITY

RESEARCH SUMMARY: This article examines the growth in marijuana misdemeanor arrests in New York City (NYC) from 1980 to 2003 and its differential impact on blacks and Hispanics. Since 1980, the New York City Police Department (NYPD) expanded its use of arrest and detention for minor offenses under its quality-of-life (QOL) policing initiative. Arrest data indicate that during the 1990s the primary focus of QOL policing became smoking marijuana in public view (MPV). By 2000, MPV had become the most common misdemeanor arrest, accounting for 15% of all NYC adult arrests and rivaling controlled substance arrests as the primary focus of drug abuse control. Of note, most MPV arrestees have been black or Hispanic. Furthermore, black and Hispanic MPV arrestees have been more likely to be detained prior to arraignment, convicted, and sentenced to jail than their white counterparts. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: In light of the disparities, we recommend that the NYPD consider scaling back on MPV enforcement and reducing the harshness of treatment by routinely issuing Desk Appearance Tickets when the person is not wanted on other charges, so that most MPV arrestees would not be detained. Furthermore, we recommend that legislators should consider making smoking marijuana in public a violation and not a misdemeanor. Lastly, we suggest ways that NYC could monitor the effectiveness of these policy modifications to assure that the city continues to meet its goals for order maintenance.     

人类中心主义、超人类中心主义和反人类中心主义——儒、道、佛学之生态伦理思想比论

儒家是一种仁爱型的人类中心主义生态伦理观,道家是一种超人类中心主义的无为主义生态伦理观,佛家是一种破妄型反人类中心主义的生态伦理观.这三种生态伦理观对全面深刻地认识当代持三种不同立场的生态伦理学说,即人类中心主义立场、反人类中心主义立场和超人类中心主义立场的生态伦理学说,妥善处理人与自然的关系,是可供借鉴的、极有价值的文化资源.     

政治文化视角下儒家"宽容"精神对民主政治的消极影响

儒家思想中富含宽容精神。宽容是对异己价值和权利的尊重，这与西方现代民主价值是一致的，但儒家因宽容精神而形成“无对、不争、礼让”的政治文化，显然与“民主政治其实也是一种‘对立冲突’的文化”不符，不利于民主政治的建设。     

无期徒刑取代死刑的思考

无期徒刑取代死刑是刑罚轻缓化、人道化的必然结果。其具体应包括以下内容:建立以自由刑和自由刑替化措施为中心的刑罚结构,明确无期徒刑在刑罚体系中的地位;规定合理而必须的“关押期”;减少和避免司法错误;配合刑罚,建立科学合理的生产劳动制度和加强文化知识、技术技能教育;对被假释罪犯加强监管、落实帮教。