从理念转变到多元协作——略论美国家事纠纷解决机制新发展

在过去的二十年间,美国家事纠纷解决机制经历了理念与制度上的转变,主要体现在对对抗制诉讼程序的反思、对家事纠纷自身属性的深刻理解和对家事纠纷解决机制目的的重新认识三个方面,并在此基础之上产生出一系列新的制度和程序,从而体现出法院与其他社会组织协同合作,共同解决家事纠纷的新趋势。而这种转变也为我国家事纠纷解决机制的完善提供了新的思路。     

Un aspect de l'insertion des militaries dans le processus de développement national en Afrique: Étude de quelques contradictions

At independence, Botswana, like many other countries in Anglophone Africa, inherited a dual legal system that was undergoing a significant shift towards convergence in the areas of criminal law and procedure. In Botswana's case, convergence was driven by a desire to minimise or, more speculatively, to gradually eliminate the gap between the normative standards of common law/general and customary courts in criminal trials. The country chose to follow a route that involved the universalisation of a penal code based on English common law, and the partial standardisation of procedure rules for customary courts. The present article considers how codified law and written procedure rules have transformed the substance and classification of legal wrongs, disputes and dispute processes, as well as the context and meaning of punishment in traditional settings.     

浅议大调解的泛化

大调解体系的构建,不仅可以缓解法院解决纠纷的压力,也可以丰富人们处理纠纷的方式。随着司法实践对大调解的逐渐重视,大调解呈现出泛化的趋势,主体的功能定位不清晰、理念认识不准、案件适用范围扩大。泛化的大调解不仅损害了司法的权威,而且影响了调解组织的公信力、遏制了规则的形成。解决大调解的泛化问题,只有建立在对调解进行理性认识、确定大调解的主导者、区分法院内外的调解以及赋予调解协议以强制执行效力的基础之上才具有可行性。     

Jurisprudential Foundation of the Alogithmic Enforcement and Regulation of Law in an Intelligent Society: Taking the Automated Copyright Infringement Monitoring of the Online Content Sharing Platform as an Example

As cyber-space has become increasingly important for human activities, and intelligent algorithms are widely used in cyber-space, we are rapidly entering an intelligent society. Now, algorithmic enforcement and regulations of law have posed non-negligible issues. As algorithmic enforcement of copyright law was introduced earlier than that of other laws, it provides a helpful observation perspective. The worldwide practice of copyright enforcement has gradually departed from traditional “safe harbor provisions, ” and has emphasized prior examination of shared contents uploaded by Internet service providers’ (ISPs) users through the following three dimensions: automated infringement detection algorithms voluntarily used by the ISPs, heavier judicial liability of ISPs, and updated legislation principles. Thus, innovations and development have stimulated new mechanisms and regulations for enforcing copyright in cyberspace. Algorithmic enforcement of copyright law in an intelligent society is essential and meaningful. The copyright regulation mechanisms should be guided by jurisprudential principles and concepts featuring the principles of (a) legitimate and efficient flow of information, (b) balance between and among algorithmic power, public power and private rights, (c) boosting the sharing economy and the new gig economy, and (d) promoting social governance philosophy of “coconstruction, co-governance and sharing.” These principles are meaningful for creation of a new mechanism for balancing interests between ISPs and their users, and for introducing the pluralistic co-governance mechanism beyond simply practicing “filtering obligations.” In addition, these principles are significant for improving a certification with credibility of copyright status and ownership, and for advancing a mechanism for online collegiate-panel dispute resolution.     

完善我国企业劳动争议调解制度的研究

调解是解决劳动争议的最基础的方式,具有快捷、便利和低成本的优势,有利于劳动争议及时有效的处理和和谐劳动关系的构建。我国现行的劳动争议调解制度在解决劳动争议、平息劳动纠纷方面起着重要的作用。但随着改革的不断深化,其存在的立法定位偏低、企业劳动争议调解委员会缺乏独立性、人民调解委员会的劳动争议调解能力欠缺、区域性劳动争议调解组织还缺乏有力的制度保障等缺陷和问题日渐突出。进一步完善劳动争议调解制度的思路是:加强区域性劳动争议调解制度建设,强化政府在其中的主导作用;取消劳动争议的企业内部调解和仲裁调解;提升劳动争议调解的专业化水平;赋予调解协议以法律效力等等。     

我国土地行政复议的检视与省思

土地行政纠纷是行政争议中的难点和重点,能否妥善化解土地行政争议直接关系到政府的权威和公信力。作为解决土地行政争议的法定渠道之一,土地行政复议因其灵活、便捷、经济、高效的优势发挥着不可替代的作用,成为集中反映我国行政复议整体现状的一面镜子。土地行政复议的不足之处主要表现为功能定位不清、受案范围狭窄和问责制度不健全,对此,我国应当打造土地行政复议的龙头地位,明确"以化解争议为主,附带实现权利救济和自我纠错"的功能定位,同时拓宽受案范围,规范问责体系。     

南海争端与东南亚国家的扩军

南海诸岛历来就是中国的领土。南海因其重要的战略地位以及可能蕴藏的丰富的油气资源而倍受亚太各国关注。最近一些年来,有关南海诸岛及海域的争端不断,东南亚国家由此加紧了军备竞赛,明显扩军,联合军事演习不断,这进一步使南海局势复杂化,将对南海争端的和平解决产生不利影响。我们应密切关注东南亚国家的军备动向,加强我国海空军的现代化建设,坚决捍卫我国在南海诸岛及其海域的主权和其他合法权益。     

FAMILIES,COURTS, AND THE END OF LIFE: SCHIAVO AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FAMILY JUSTICE SYSTEM

The article discusses a proposed universal adoption of comprehensive family law subject matter jurisdiction, inclusive of end‐of‐life (EOL) cases, as articulated in the unified family court (UFC) concept. It posits, using the Schiavo matter to illustrate the difficulties inherent in EOL disputes, that contested EOL cases are unlike other civil court cases in that they involve intimate facts and emotionally laden family dynamics. As such, these cases pose a distinctive challenge for the courts. The article suggests that contested EOL cases should be heard in a UFC because UFCs include alternative dispute resolution (ADR) protocols to deescalate family strife with the goal of facilitating out‐of‐court settlements and that litigation is an imperfect solution for an EOL dispute. It is also noted that judges presiding in UFCs are more experienced in handling fractious family matters and thus they are more likely to avert protracted litigation if the matter is not settled via ADR.     

谈贷款诈骗罪的构成

贷款诈骗罪是严重扰乱社会主义市场经济秩序的经济犯罪。司法工作人员在实践中对贷款诈骗罪与非罪的认定和处理常有困惑 ,从而影响对此类犯罪的惩处 ,因此 ,应正确认识贷款诈骗罪与借贷纠纷的区别以及贷款诈骗与票据诈骗的区别