LOCAL POLITICS AND VIOLENT CRIME IN U.S. CITIES*

Recent research has begun to examine the effects of politics on crime. However, few studies have considered how local political variation is likely to affect crime. Using insights from urban politics research, this paper develops and tests hypotheses regarding direct and conditional effects of local politics on violent crime in 958 cities in 1991. Results from negative binomial regression analyses show that violent crime rates vary by local political structures and the race of the mayor. In addition, the effects of structural factors such as poverty, unemployment, and female‐headed households on violent crime depend on local form of government and the number of unreformed local governmental structures. Implications for systemic social disorganization and institutional anomie theories are discussed.     

对建设境外人员属地化管理机制的思考

境外人员属地化管理机制是上海公安机关对境外人员管理推出的一项重要举措。实施境外人员属地化管理机制应处理好三个关系,即形式和内容的关系,继承和创新的关系,局部和整体的关系。     

Contracting in local public organizations: the institutional economics perspective

The institutional economics is one of the approaches to explain the utility of contracting of local public service provision. This paper described and critiqued the assumptions underlying institutional economics as it is used in organization theories. It also explains whether and why these assumptions hold in public sector organizations. Finally, it discusses implications from the institutional economics approach for the local agency. Local agencies taking new institutional economics perspective as the basis for its contracting decisions should take transaction risks and information asymmetry into account. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

中药封包外敷联合臭氧局部注射治疗脊神经后支综合征56例

目的 评估中药封包联合臭氧治疗脊神经后支综合征的临床疗效。 方法 将112例脊神经后支综合征患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组56例,在中药封包外敷腰背部痛区的基础上,观察组予局部臭氧注射,对照组予局部神经阻滞,连续治疗3周。观察治疗后疼痛缓解情况,并评估治疗3周后及治疗后3个月临床疗效。 结果 治疗3周后和治疗后3个月,两组VAS评分均较治疗前明显下降（P<0.05）,且观察组显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;治疗3周后和治疗后3个月,两组临床疗效的分布比较,差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）,观察组明显优于对照组。 结论 中药封包联合臭氧局部注射可有效治疗脊神经后支综合征,且远期疗效显著。     

Russia’s local government in the process of authoritarian regime transformation: incentives for the survival of local democracy

In 2003, the authorities of Russia launched a comprehensive reform of local government. One of the elements of this reform was the replacement of the previously predominant form of local government, characterised by the presence of directly elected mayors, with the council-manager model. While originally motivated largely by the desire to enhance the efficacy of local government, the reform was implemented concurrently with Russia’s transition to electoral authoritarianism, with the council-manager model emerging as a major tool of authoritarian transformation. This study uses the data from 79 capitals of Russia’s regions in order to identify those factors that facilitated the survival of directly elected mayors in these cities. The analysis reveals that the past trajectories of regime transitions at the regional level in the form of elite settlement, economic resourcefulness, and the lack of politically motivated deference to the federal authorities contributed to the survival of local democracy in Russia.     

Shaping Political Preferences: Information Effects in Political-Administrative Systems

Information is at the heart of politics. However, since information is always sent by someone who is more or less powerful, it is difficult to disentangle the effect of information from the power of the sender. Drawing on a standard model of attitude formation, we argue that presenting information can affect preferences of politicians regardless of the power of the sender. We test this proposition in a survey experiment with 1205 Danish local politicians in which the experimental groups were presented with varying levels of cost information but where sender remained constant. The experiment shows that even in a setting where the information is not disclosed by a powerful sender, information may have a stronger impact on political preferences than other well-known determinants such as committee and party affiliation. Our findings speak to learning theories, knowledge perspectives and the literature on the determinants of politicians’ preferences.     

From Competition to Collaboration: Intergovernmental Economic Development Policy Networks

This study investigates the strategic collaboration among local jurisdictions in the competitive environment: how fragmented jurisdictions in a metropolitan area perceive each other as cooperative partners and what factors influence the establishment of collaborative relationships between them. To answer the research questions, we applied the Institutional Collective Action (ICA) framework, which assumes that institutional actors behave in ways such that their economic benefits are maximised and risks and costs of collaboration are minimised, and employed the exponential random graph (ERG) model, one of the statistical social network analyses. The results indicate that the physical, political and geographical similarities among municipalities positively influence collaboration among local jurisdictions. In addition, municipalities are more likely to prefer to establish the closed network relationship such as triad–triplet. This study allows to understand the mechanism to establish collaborative behaviour among local jurisdictions for their regional economic development in a metropolitan area.     

地方政府竞争性行为的分解与中国地区经济差距的构成

由于地方政府的经济主体与利益主体地位的形成,在不同程度上调动了各地方政府发展地区经济的积极性。这种积极性根植于地方政府之间以及地方政府和中央政府之间利益的差异性中,经常演变为政府间的竞争性行为,继而对地区差距产生了重大影响。通过将地方政府竞争因素分解为财政分权、转移支付、区域市场发育、地方基础设施建设、地区优惠政策、地区资本形成和区域人口流动七大因素,利用各分解因素的替代统计指标,可以初步判断地方政府竞争对地区经济差异形成和发展的影响程度。     

欠发达地区地方政府职能定位浅探

在市场经济条件下实现欠发达地区发展,既要发挥市场配置资源的基础性作用,又要发挥地方政府的推动和引导作用。要有效发挥地方政府的重要作用,就必须对其职能进行合理界定。     

新时期公安派出所管理初探

公安派出所(警察署)要在新的历史时期更好地发挥基层基础优势和区域作战效能,必须改变那些静态型、表面型、低效型的管理方式,牢固确立服务保障、科技强警的意识,以素质提高促进效率提高,以机制改革推动管理规范,以优质工作确保满意效果,努力实现基础资料电脑化、治安防控动态化、执法活动规范化、队伍管理正规化。