桃红四物汤中5种主要成分在脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠体内组织分布的研究

目的 研究脑缺血再灌注模型大鼠在灌胃桃红四物汤(Taohong Siwu Decoction, THSWD)后,5种主要活性成分(藁本内酯、苦杏仁苷、芍药苷、羟基红花黄色素A、阿魏酸)在体内组织分布的差异和规律。方法 采用线栓法构建大鼠大脑中动脉闭塞(middle cerebral artery occlusion, MCAO)模型,然后再灌注24 h建立脑缺血再灌注大鼠模型;将模型复制成功的大鼠灌胃THSWD(50 g/kg)后,于不同时间点采集组织(心、肝、脾、肺、肾、脑),样品处理后采用UPLC-MS技术检测各组织中待测成分的含量。结果 各成分在模型大鼠各组织中分布广泛,在肝、肾组织中浓度较高,其中藁本内酯在脑组织中有较高浓度;苦杏仁苷在肺部具有组织分布特异性;芍药苷、羟基红花黄色素A在大鼠肝、脾、肺组织具有较高分布比例,阿魏酸在脑组织中未检出。结论 THSWD中5种主要活性成分在各组织中分布广泛,各组织不同时间点的分布趋势也存在较大差异。     

Municipality size,political efficacy and political participation: a systematic review

ABSTRACT

It is an old adage that local government is a training ground for democracy. Its human scale means that political amateurs can contribute effectively and meaningfully to the politics of a state. But in a political climate seemingly driven to consolidate local government into ever larger units, can a not so local local government still elicit an efficacious and participatory citizenry? This paper explores the effect of municipality population size on two important aspects of democratic culture: political efficacy and political participation. Via a two-part systematic review, the paper examines how extant empirical literature bears on the relationship between size and both of these aspects, hypothesising that political efficacy plays a mediating role between size and participation. The findings are unequivocal: citizens of smaller municipalities feel a greater sense of political efficacy and participate to a greater degree in local politics.     

两级财政博弈下地方政府举债行为分析

中央和地方财政博弈随着财政制度调整一直存在。在两级财政博弈下，地方政府在财政包干制度下存在“经营企业”行为，在分税制制度下存在“经营城市”行为。地方政府“经营城市”行为结合土地制度最终导致地方政府大举借债行为的发生。     

法治一体建设地方试验型模式研究

我国法治建设实践样本观察显示,一种自下而上与自上而下相结合、坚持党的领导和坚持以人民为中心辨证统一的地方试验型法治一体建设模式已初步生成。地方试验、中央认可、稳步推广和法治固化是其运作的基本逻辑,分别构成了这一模式的基础、关键、重心和归宿。只有从法律规范层面健全正向激励和反向豁免机制,才能激活地方创新试验动能,助推法治一体建设快速生长。科学的法治建设试验评估指标体系的构建,有助于地方创新试验获得中央认可进而形成固化的法律制度,助推法治一体建设良性生长。对中国特色地方试验型法治一体建设模式内在机理的法理阐释和实践观照,能够进一步证成我国法治建设的自主型进路。     

益气活血方对气虚血瘀证脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠Fas、FasL蛋白表达的影响

目的：探讨益气活血方对气虚血瘀证局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠Fas、FasL蛋白表达的影响。方法：采用气虚血瘀证局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤大鼠模型，用线栓法阻塞大鼠大脑中动脉复制局部脑缺血再灌注模型，缺血2h后再灌注l，3，7d。用免疫组化染色法分别检测缺血皮质Fas、FasL蛋白表达。结果：与模型组比较。益气活血方组Fas、FasL蛋白表达显降低。结论：益气活血方可能通过抑制Fas、FasL蛋白表达，减轻气虚血瘀证局灶性脑缺血再灌注损伤。     

心肌缺血再灌流损伤HSP70 mRNA原位杂交研究

目的观察家兔早期缺血再灌流损伤心肌组织热休克蛋白70 mRNA的表达变化,为心性猝死的法医病理学诊断寻找新的方法.方法建立家兔心肌缺血再灌流损伤模型,通过原位杂交技术观察研究.结果心肌缺血15min再灌流30min后,缺血区HSP70 mRNA阳性反应增强,阳性颗粒均匀散布于心肌全层,随着缺血时间的延长,阳性反应细胞数目逐渐增多,染色加深.结论HSP70 mRNA原位杂交检测可望为早期心肌缺血再灌流损伤的死后诊断提供新方法.     

大鼠脑挫伤后GFAP和iNOS表达与损伤时间关系的实验研究

目的　观察大鼠实验性脑挫伤后胶质纤维酸性蛋白 (GFAP)和诱导型—氧化氮合成酶 (iNOS)的表达及其时相性的关系 ,试图寻找法医学脑损伤时间的推断方法。方法　建立脑挫伤的动物模型 ,采用免疫组织化学技术 (SABC法 )观察大鼠脑挫伤后GFAP及iNOS在伤后不同时间的表达。染色结果用计算机彩色图像分析技术作定量统计分析处理。结果　 ( 1)伤后 3h时GFAP阳性表达细胞开始增多 ,1d和 5d组单个阳性细胞染色强度达峰值 ,但在 3d组相对邻近组却下降 ,呈现出一双峰波形 ,7d达最大值 ;阳性物质总面积自 3h时表达增多开始后一直增加 ,直到 7d时达高峰。 ( 2 )伤后 12h组可见iNOS活性增高 ,并随伤后存活时间的延长 ,iNOS阳性细胞数目 (或阳性物质总面积 )逐渐增多 ,单个细胞染色强度逐渐加深。伤后 1d至 3d组阳性物质总面积达到高峰 ,5d后开始下降 ,但 7d时仍维持较高水平 ;而单个细胞染色强度随伤后存活时间的延长而加深 ,于 5d时达高峰后显著下降 ,但高于起始水平。结论　脑挫伤后GFAP和iNOS在损伤局部的染色变化有一定的时间规律性 ,可以用于脑挫伤的时间推断。     

The role of epistemic communities: local think tanks,international practitioners and security sector reform in Kosovo

ABSTRACT

Security sector reform (SSR) in Kosovo remains complex and challenging. The existing approach is heavily driven by international agencies. This article addresses the question: What role is played by local research in Kosovo’s SSR? This study focuses on the challenges that local research poses to internationally led SSR in Kosovo, and the contribution that local researchers make to the decision-making of international practitioners. In Kosovo, local research organizations produce research analysing and critiquing international SSR and offering alternative approaches. The study builds on existing studies of epistemic communities and research use in policy-making and new evidence based on the author’s interview survey of researchers and policy-makers in Kosovo. The article argues that focusing on the interaction between local researchers and international policy practitioners provides valuable insight into the construction of Kosovo’s SSR. The study deconstructs the structures, processes and agencies at the heart of the local/international relationship. It explains how local research on topics of security, justice and rule of law, and its interaction with international practitioners, challenges international SSR and contributes to international SSR decision-making.     

‘Soft’ forms of direct democracy: Explaining the occurrence of referendum motions and advisory referendums in Finnish local government

This study investigates ‘soft’ forms of direct democracy and identifies factors that explain their occurrence. Soft direct democracy refers to non‐binding referendum motions and advisory referendums, which the literature on direct democracy has largely ignored. Strategic motives have dominated previous explanations of the occurrence of initiatives and referendums, but are less useful in exploring non‐binding procedures of direct democracy. The article distinguishes four types of factors – socio‐structural, party system, political support and learning – and tests hypotheses on their effects with sub‐national data from Finland. The data enable us to compare two different types of instruments – non‐binding referendum motions and advisory referendums – while controlling for many unobserved factors. The findings show that erosion of political support, participatory traditions and policy diffusion explain the occurrence of bottom‐up referendum motions, while the last two together with small population and party system factors predict the occurrence of advisory government‐initiated referendums.     

近代中国的政治发展——以中央和地方关系的演变为维度

由外族入侵带来的民族压力促使近代中国开始了自救。在独立民族国家地位丧失的背景之下,近代中国政治发展艰难起步。为了谋求改变,政界和学界引入了大量迥异于传统中国的思想观念和制度模式。中央和地方关系的演变就是这一政治环境下的产物。通过中央和地方关系的演变历程,我们不难发现近代中国政治发展的基本特点：其开启来自外部挑战;其应对过程充满纠结;其发展主题随着社会环境的变化而变化;其总趋势是为了国家统一;其本身对政治现代化起到了推动作用。