The Life and Death of New Political Parties in the Low Countries

Numerous new parties have emerged since voters became less loyal to established political parties. A number of these survived and have been analysed intensely, especially green and radical right parties; many other new parties disappeared and have been neglected by party research. This article analyses the fate of all 30 political parties that entered parliament in the Netherlands or Belgium between 1950 and 2003. Qualitative comparative analysis is used to identify characteristics of both surviving and disappeared new parties. Conditions related to party origin (roots in civil society, organisational newness, initial programmatic profile) are scrutinised, as are conditions pertaining to the party’s developmental process (party organisational strength and the occurrence of defections or party splits). Surviving parties are characterised by strong, rooted organisations that have not suffered defections. Most disappeared parties lacked a strong organisation and roots and have experienced shocks that they could not absorb. Organisational newness makes new parties vulnerable.     

代理治理模式：一种统治类型的讨论--以基层政府治理体系为分析单位

代理治理模式揭示基层政府治理的性质,指出基层政府治理体系的核心元素是政治治理而不是科层治理,是党政统合体系与威权治理结构的多重因素作用结果。代理治理模式有三个基本特征：代理治理是政治职能与行政职能的统合体系;代理治理与社会是一种统治关系;代理治理是一种多中心权威治理结构。代理治理模式的权力来源在国家,不在基层社会,向上级政府（国家）负责,与基层社会没有授权关系。代理治理模式的现代转型,应从基层政府的政治职能与行政职能的分离着手,以民主法治原则来建构基层政府的权力结构和治理体系,在行政职能上建构政府治理的公共本质,在政治职能上建构基层治理的社会授权关系。     

Evaluation of direct PCR for routine DNA profiling of non-decomposed deceased individuals

Forensic DNA profiling is a standard method used in the attempt to identify deceased individuals. In routine investigations, and if available, the preferred sample type is usually blood. However, this requires the invasive re-opening of the body, days or weeks after the autopsy, which is undesirable in resource-constrained mortuary settings. Motivated by the ease of sampling as well as reduced health and safety risks, this study aimed to establish the success rate of generating a full DNA profile on first attempt from buccal swab lysates using a direct PCR approach. Buccal swab samples were collected from 100 unidentified deceased males, and were subjected to direct DNA profiling with use of the Promega PowerPlex® Y23 Kit. At the time of sample collection, these individuals had been stored for between 1 and 887 days. This study shows that full DNA profiles were initially obtained from 73% of samples, which constitutes the first empirical data pertaining to first time success rates of direct PCR from post-mortem buccal lysates. Further investigation of partial and failed DNA profiles using real-time PCR showed that samples did not contain PCR inhibitors, DNA was not degraded, but DNA concentration was particularly low. Repeating DNA profiling with increased lysate input and extra PCR cycles yielded an additional six full DNA profiles, resulting in an overall success rate of 79%. Overall, DNA profile success rate was not associated with the duration of storage (p = 0.387). Lastly, massively parallel sequencing with the ForenSeq™ Signature DNA Prep kit provided more informative profiles for three additional samples. These results indicate that blood should therefore remain the sample of choice in a post-mortem setting, yet buccal lysates hold potential to be optimised further, which may ease the human identification workflow.     

人民币汇率形成机制改革对中日贸易利益格局的影响

中日两国迅猛发展的经贸关系对东亚经济合作、整个世界经济的发展都会产生重要的影响;但在中日贸易利益分配格局中,我国却长期处于不利的地位。人民币汇率形成机制改革后,我国总价格贸易条件和中日双要素贸易条件将得到改善、比较价格水平将得到提升,同时也将促进我国产业和贸易结构升级,从而改善我国在中日贸易中的利益分配;但也应积极防御汇率双向浮动给中日贸易利益带来的风险和不确定性。     

Predictors of Level of Voice in Adolescent Girls: Ethnicity,Attachment, and Gender Role Socialization

The current study empirically examined predictors of level of voice (ethnicity, attachment, and gender role socialization) in a diverse sample of 108 14-year-old girls. Structural equation modeling results indicated that parental attachment predicted level of voice with authority figures, and gender role socialization predicted level of voice with authority figures and peers. Both masculinity and femininity were salient for higher levels of voice with authority figures whereas higher scores on masculinity contributed to higher levels of voice with peers. These findings suggest that, contrary to previous theoretical work, femininity itself is not a risk factor for low levels of voice. In addition, African-American girls had higher levels of voice with teachers and classmates than did Caucasian girls, and girls who were in a school with a greater concentration of ethnic minorities had higher levels of voice with peers than did girls at a school with fewer minority students.

公司法结构性改革总体思路

在资源配置由市场起决定性作用的经济体制下,公司这种无论何种经济成分出资设立、最契合市场经济运行机制的商事主体必然会在国民经济中占据更加重要的地位.为此,有必要重新考虑公司法结构性改革的总体思路.在科斯法律经济学的视野下,改革方案的顶层设计应当立足于公司法在我国当前整个商事主体立法中的实际地位,认清商事主体经济分类和法律分类双轨制所带来的种种矛盾和弊病,围绕对各种经济成分实行同等待遇,促进国内统一市场形成,提高国际竞争能力的制度设计目标,尽可能吸收消化世界各国晚近公司法修改乃至整个商事主体立法全面整合的新经验新成果,形成和国际趋同的现代公司法和内外资统一、以法律分类中的责任形式及主体资格标准为依据的、以公司为主导的商事主体体系和商事主体法体系.     

Whole-genome sequencing of degraded DNA for investigative genetic genealogy

Whole genome sequencing has opened the doors to Investigative genetic genealogy (IGG) analysis of challenging forensic samples that are not suitable for microarray genotyping. These samples still do not typically achieve high enough coverage for direct genotype calling, therefore a pipeline for imputation from low coverage sequencing data was evaluated using data from the 1000 Genomes Project. This pipeline generated results suitable for IGG down to 0.25X coverage. Additionally, forensic samples from a variety of tissue types and input amounts were sequenced and successfully uploaded to genetic genealogy databases after imputation.     

Probabilistic SNP genotyping at low DNA concentrations

We present a statistical method for biallelic SNP genotyping that reduces the risk of wrong SNP calls and gives fewer no-calls. The method uses a symmetric multinomial logistic regression model with an intuitive graphical interpretation. Its probabilistic nature gives the user control over the accepted risk through the estimated genotype probabilities. We compared the performance of our method with the HID SNP Genotyper v.4.3.1 plug-in (HSG) (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and the additional criteria of the University of Copenhagen (UCPH) through a series of six DNA dilutions from 500 pg to 16 pg DNA. The HSG method made wrong calls from 62.5 pg DNA and below, while the UCPH method made wrong calls at 16 pg DNA. Our method allowed SNP genotyping of 16 pg DNA without making wrong calls. Depending on the DNA dilution, our method also reduced the number of no-calls by 70–96 % compared to UCPH method and 59–69 % compared to the HSG method. Our method can be used for any biallelic genotyping.     

中国城市基层社会自治发展的路径——以改革开放以来城市人民调解制度的发展为例

近年来,随着国家治理体系的逐步完善,基层群众性自治获得了新的发展机遇。以改革开放以来人民调解制度的发展为例,在国家推动下,城市人民调解制度经历了重要变革:一方面,人民调解被当做司法助手、社会综合治理体系的组成部分、多元化纠纷解决机制的重要构成而逐渐被国家吸纳;另一方面,人民调解不仅在组织和功能上得到了扩张,而且在行为方式上表现为科层化发展,从而突破了地域性、群众性和自治性。通过治理吸纳自治,城市人民调解制度被纳入地方性国家科层制的框架,成为国家治理体系的组成部分。从城市人民调解制度的发展中可以看到,中国基层社会自治的发展道路既不同于随着市场经济和个人权利发展而形成的西方城市社会自治发展的市场化路径,也有别于依赖伦理道德而形成的中国传统基层自治发展的社会化路径,而是一种国家化路径。     

The use of ‘privileges’ in political discourse in the early modern Low Countries

This article examines why the privileges occupied such a prominent place in Dutch rebel propaganda from the 1560s. It then considers whether these continued to be so highly regarded after the United Provinces gave up the search for a princely overlord to succeed Philip II in the late 1580s. It concludes by suggesting that with the emergence of provincial sovereignty, the privileges gradually lost their significance as one of the bastions of Dutch freedom.