关于《甲申三百年祭》主题思想的商榷

本文以郭沫若《甲申三百年祭》的主要内容、时代背景和社会反响为据,对认为该文的主题思想是纪念明亡三百年、反对国民党统治并预示其灭亡之说提出异议。并认为该文的主题思想是纪念李自成起义,总结其失败的历史教训。     

强化警察防卫意识之刍言

警察防卫意识欠缺,主要表现在以下三个方面:一是敌情意识滞后;二是临战意识欠缺;三是法律意识模糊。强化警察的防卫意识,必须转变思维观念;增强临战意识;提高法律意识。     

谈谈自荐信和求职信的写作

自荐信和求职信是为求得某一职务而突出介绍自己与职务相关的学识、才能和经历的一种专门书信。因此,目标明确、层次清楚、行文简洁、针对性强是其基本特征。     

人事法律体系的性质及其构建

本文认为,公共部门人事法律体系是以促进公职人员履行公共职责为目标,对公职人员与公共机构之间的特别人事权利关系进行的法律规范,属于公法范畴。我国人事立法应明确公共部门人事法律体系与社会一般人力资源管理(劳动)法律体系的区别,制定公职人员基本法,完善分类管理和专项管理法律体系,为建立科学的公共部门人力资源管理制度服务,为构建符合政治民主化、经济市场化要求的、和谐的“官民”关系奠定基础。     

Detection and visualization of human tears using alternate light sources for forensic purposes

The current scientific techniques for locating body fluids focus on quick and effective methodologies for easy and reliable identification. Efficient detection and identification of body fluids play a vital role in establishing the ‘corpus delecti’ of a crime. Non-destructive techniques such as the use of Alternate Light Sources (ALS) have been exploited for crime scene searches over large areas and detection of body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions, and saliva on a range of substrates. Tears are rarely found but can be considered as potential body fluid evidence due to their unique biochemical and molecular properties. Tears are secreted in response to physical or emotional stimuli. Due to the small volume of secretions, they are often overlooked in the crime scene. Tears may be found on surfaces such as clothing, bedding, tissue, handkerchief, or balaclava. The use of ALS to locate tears on tissue paper and fabric surfaces was tested which were not apparent to the naked eye. Tears stains were successfully detected on surfaces of forensic interest with varying sample ages up to three months with a broad excitation spectrum between 254 nm and 410 nm. Dried stains on tissue paper and fabric substrates were better detected with sharp margins, clear stain pattern visibility, and fluorescence intensity in comparison with moist and fresh stains. Tears stains can hence be detected with the use of ALS and suitable filter combinations under normal conditions and do not require any specific settings to locate them. These findings are suggestive for easy and quick identification of tears on large surfaces and as a presumptive test for forensic casework evidence examination.     

重塑公安行政文化探析

公安行政文化是创建服务型公安行政的有力保证。受内、外部环境的制约,我国当前的公安行政文化还存在不少问题,需要进行重塑,以推动公安事业的发展,完成党和国家赋予公安机关的政治和社会责任。     

Seasonal Variation of Carcass Decomposition and Gravesoil Chemistry in a Cold (Dfa) Climate

It is well known that temperature significantly affects corpse decomposition. Yet relatively few taphonomy studies investigate the effects of seasonality on decomposition. Here, we propose the use of the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification system and describe the decomposition of swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) carcasses during the summer and winter near Lincoln, Nebraska, USA. Decomposition was scored, and gravesoil chemistry (total carbon, total nitrogen, ninhydrin‐reactive nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, and soil pH) was assessed. Gross carcass decomposition in summer was three to seven times greater than in winter. Initial significant changes in gravesoil chemistry occurred following approximately 320 accumulated degree days, regardless of season. Furthermore, significant (p < 0.05) correlations were observed between ammonium and pH (positive correlation) and between nitrate and pH (negative correlation). We hope that future decomposition studies employ the Köppen‐Geiger climate classification system to understand the seasonality of corpse decomposition, to validate taphonomic methods, and to facilitate cross‐climate comparisons of carcass decomposition.     

论村民委员会的行政主体地位

根据我国的法律规定,村委会依法管理村集体的公共事务和公益事业,承担着对本村内部事务自治管理的职能。传统的行政法理论把村委会排除在行政主体之外,认为其行政行为不应列入司法审查范围,这种理论不利于村民依法维护自身权益。村委会的自治权不同于基于法律、法规授权以及基于基层人民政府委托而行使的行政权力,其中,村委会在行使法律、法规授予的权力时,其实施的行政行为可纳入司法审查范围,此时,村委会的行政主体地位成立。     

Low blood alcohol levels. Experimental study on attention and body sway control functions

Objective

Attempting to prevent alcohol-related road accidents requires sensitive, reliable and easy-to-use methods and instruments for ascertaining drivers’ state of intoxication. This paper examines the scientific validity of a method for assessing psychomotor performance combining measurement of neurosensory functions with the effect of low blood alcohol levels: body sway control and attention functions.

Methods

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study, with cross-over and random distribution on the effects of low blood alcohol levels. Psychomotor performance and body sway control were studied in 16 healthy volunteers after they had drunk a small dose of ethyl alcohol (0.5 g/kg) or placebo. Neurosensory and psychomotor functions were assessed by a Divided Attention Test (DAT), composed of the association between one test exploring short-term memory (Memory Test) and one exploring attention (Response Competition Test). Alterations in body sway were recorded by stabilometry. Tests were administered at 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after intake of alcohol. After a wash-out period of at least one week, subjects repeated the test after taking a second dose of alcohol or placebo. Blood alcohol concentrations were monitored by analysis of concentrations in expired air.

Results

A BAC under 50 mg/dL did not reveal statistically significant impaired memory capacities or motor coordination. Instead, statistically significant oscillations of body sway were measured (p-values = 0.0001), especially when stabilometry was associated with deviant stimuli like those of the DAT (p-values = 0.0001).

Conclusions

This study showed: (1) impaired performance, at the limits of statistical significance, on a complex psychometric test like the DAT; (2) some cognitive, attentive and visual perceptive functions are not compromised or at least not in a statistically significant manner; (3) a considerable alteration in the capacity for control of body sway after intake of alcohol becomes further and massively impaired when deviant stimuli are given; (4) this impairment appeared early and was more marked 1 and 2 h after intake of alcohol.     

Targeting relevant sampling areas for human biological traces: Where to sample displaced bodies for offender DNA?

Sampling strategy is one of the deciding factors in DNA typing success rates. Small amounts of bodily fluid traces and (skin) contact traces are currently not visualized in standard forensic practice. Trace recovery is usually based on the information available in a particular case and on the experience and ‘forensic common sense’ applied by the trace recovery expert. Interactions between an offender and a victim may have characteristic features, resulting in specific trace patterns. Understanding these interactions, and their resulting trace patterns, might improve crime related trace recovery as well as DNA typing success rates.In this study, we examined the interactions between offender and victim when a body has been relocated from one position/location to another. The contact between the hands of the offender and the body of the victim was visualized using a fluorescent dye in a lotion that was applied to the hands of the individual undertaking the relocation. The contact locations were scored and patterns were analyzed based on both victim and offender characteristics (height, weight, age, gender). The resulting patterns were compared to current trace recovery practices in the Netherlands. The results of this large-scale study facilitate evidence-based sampling supporting both investigative and evaluative forensic examinations.