THE PRIVATIZATION OF VIOLENCE*

Norbert Elias's (1939) work on “the civilizing process” highlighted the long‐term decline in violence within Western societies. A substantial amount of more recent anthropological and historical evidence suggests that violence has evolved not just quantitatively but qualitatively as well. In particular, the social characteristics of the parties to violence have changed over time. Drawing on Donald Black's (1976, 1993a) theoretical ideas on conflict management, the present paper proposes that as intimate social ties weakened and the state strengthened, collective and nonintimate forms of (nonpolitical) violence declined significantly. Consequently, violence increasingly became less public, more private. Pockets of residual public violence can, however, still be found within modern state societies. Privatization varies, then, across time and social space.     

透视犯罪嫌疑人的保障机制

在侦查过程中应当加强对犯罪嫌疑人权益的保护 ,防止冤假错案的发生。但在实践中 ,犯罪嫌疑人的保障机制暴露出种种问题。应采取相应的对策加以解决。     

知识产权与人权:后TRIPS时代的知识产权国际保护

TRIPS的产生,在促进知识产权国际保护发展的同时,也被认为造成了知识产权制度与国际人权法之间的冲突。从立法宗旨上讲,不管对知识产权采用什么样的措辞,知识产权保护应与维护人类尊严和实现其他人权相一致。所以,我们必须开展有关研究工作,探寻如何在包括TRIPS在内的国际条约框架下,协调好知识产权与人权之间的关系;具体说来,知识产权国际保护制度必须以国际人权公约的价值取向为指导,在保护作者精神权、隐私权、公共健康与环境等方面进行制度改革。     

关于公司与企业法人几个问题的分析--由《公司法与公司治理结构认识误区》一文引起的思考

本文认为 ,公司的本义在于资本所有权的联合 ,但公司作为法人企业则应同时具备独立地享有和支配公司全部资产、并独立地对外承担民事责任的能力。由此 ,本文对股份合作制企业、夫妻型公司、一人公司、有限责任和多人代表制度等问题逐一作了分析。另外 ,本文提出了从归属和权能两个方面界定公司资产所有权的思路。认为 ,从最终归属上 ,企业的资产所有权属于股东 ;但在权能方面 ,企业资产的所有权则为股东与公司分别享有。股东的权能主要体现为收益 ,公司的权能主要体现为对企业资产的占有、使用和处分。因此 ,国有企业的法人地位与其资产所有权的全民性质并不矛盾。     

Preserving the Identity Crisis: Autonomy,System and Sovereignty in European Law

This article uses Hans Kelsen's theory of a legalsystem to take a fresh look at European Community law,and the relationship between the European Community,its Member States, and international law. It arguesthat the basis of the Community's legal legitimacy isindeterminate, and offers a model to accommodate thatindeterminacy. This model is founded on aconstructivist approach suggested to be particularlyuseful in the EC context. Using this approach, it isargued that the concepts of system, autonomy andsovereignty in the Community can only be understoodthrough the recognition of a plurality of viewpoints,and that it is crucial, in describing the Community,to distinguish between a concept per se and thechoice to adopt that concept.     

简论色彩的翻译

本文通过对色彩翻译的例证进行分析,指出尽管从物理学角度来说,同样的色彩具有同样的物理属性.但是,由于各个民族、国家的地理环境、民族心理、宗教信仰等因素的影响,同一种颜色对于不同民族的人所引发的联想和象征意义却不同.我们翻译时不能只局限于概念意义更要注意颜色的社会属性和联想意义.     

Decision Making in Autocratic Regimes: A Poliheuristic Perspective

This paper applies the poliheuristic theory of foreign policy decision making to non-democratic states. Poliheuristic theory asserts that state leaders assign primary importance to their political survival; however, the meaning of "the political" varies dramatically from country to country. Furthermore, the types of actors who hold leaders politically accountable also vary between countries. Consequently, leaders often pursue vastly different means of ensuring their political survival. The author uses the common distinction between single-party, military, and personalist autocracies to show that apparently arbitrary differences in autocratic leaders' political concerns actually vary in systematic and potentially predictable ways. Because this argument is generalized to non-democratic states as a whole, it has important implications for the ways in which democratic states craft their policies toward autocracies.     

依法治国是妇女权益保护的关键

妇女权益包括政治权利、文化教育权益、劳动权益、财产权益、人身权利和婚姻家庭权益等 ,它涉及社会的政治、经济、文化等各个方面 ,是社会关系错综复杂地交织在一起的统一体。妇女权益保护包含在宪法、刑法、劳动法、诉讼法、婚姻法等完整的法律体系中。建立了完整的法律体系后 ,能否依法办事 ,即能否依法治国成了妇女权益保护的关键 ,依法治国是实现妇女权益保护的前提和保障     

在传播沟通中确立品牌价值

品牌资产是现代企业最宝贵的资产。品牌价值体现在与消费者的双向沟通上。塑造品牌的关键是建立和不断强化产品与消费者的关系,培养品牌忠诚的消费者。整合营销是品牌经营的有效手段,实施企业品牌战略是品牌经营的关键。     

关于建立和完善省管国有企业法人治理结构问题的若干思考

完善的企业法人治理结构是建立现代企业制度的核心和关键。审视省管国有企业建立和完善企业法人治理结构中存在的改制不到位、形改质未改等问题,解决的思路是:产权制度须实行多元化改革,解决一股独大,实现决策民主化;企业运营中国有资产要实行问责制;在选人用人上实行保荐制、票决制、竞争制;董事会、监事会、经理层各司其职,相互制衡,加强对企业全方位的监督,实现国有资产的保值增值。