国际海运温室气体减排法律问题探析

近年来,国际海运温室气体排放问题逐渐引起了国际社会的广泛关注,国际海事组织在《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的授权下进行了包括立法在内的诸多努力并取得了一定的成果。本文在对国际海事组织构建的国际海运温室气体减排法律框架进行厘清的基础上,就其框架中体现出的"不优惠待遇"原则及相关的减排机制进行分析,认为相关制度还有待调整以符合大多数国家的利益。     

Orthodontic Treatment: Real Risk for Dental Age Estimation in Adults?

Dental age estimation becomes a challenge once the root formation is concluded. In living adults, one dental age indicator is the formation of secondary dentine, also associated with orthodontic treatment as well as root shortening. The aim of this study was to establish whether these secondary effects of orthodontic treatment could generate a statistically significant difference in dental age estimations when using Kvaal's method. The study sample included 34 pairs of pre‐ and postorthodontic panoramic radiographs, from different individuals with exactly the same age and sex distribution. Females 65%, median age 17.5 years, and males 35%, median age 22.5 years, were included. After data collection, dental age was estimated per tooth using formulae previously published. The risk of obtaining over‐estimation of age was calculated. (RR = 1.007). The changes caused by orthodontic treatment do not have any significant effect on age estimation when Kvaal et al.'s method is applied on panoramic radiographs.     

Freedom to think – the value of multiple clinical narratives in women’s prisons†

Abstract

The merits of being multi-lingual are widely recognised. This paper considers the application of this metaphor to the conceptualisation of clinical work in a women’s prison. We suggest that sharing ‘languages’ from different theoretical orientations in open fora enables teams to build deep and nuanced understandings of clinical and systemic complexity, of particular value in secure settings. This discussion reflects the service model developed and used within HMP/YOI Holloway, a large women’s prison in London, which has recently been closed. We utilise a case example, with formulations and recommendations from several perspectives, to illustrate the value of maintaining a rich, inclusive discourse. We describe the benefits of such an approach to staff teams, to institutions and to those we serve, and consider the implications for organisation of services to maximise potential for change and recovery.     

亚健康研究的思考

对亚健康的界定、成因，流行病学调查等进行献回顾总结；亚健康须社会综合防治，中医药学起着十分重要的作用，亚健康也是医学的目的，要辨证地看待亚健康，不可一味强调亚健康的“病态”，夸大其“危害性”。     

论患者对病历资料享有的权利

无论是在学术界抑或实务中,就患者对其病历资料所享有的权利,讨论寥寥。然而,患者的这项权利与患者自治权的保护、医患关系的改善及其公共卫生安全事业的发展都紧密相关。患者对病历资料享有的权利可分为两项内容:查阅、复制病历资料的权利和控制病历资料的权利。本文针对这两项分权利,全面分析了它们的学理基础、权利受限情形、行使方式和救济方式。希望藉由本文,患者和医务人员或医疗机构能更加清楚地了解各自就病历资料所享有的权利和所负有的义务。     

Group Treatment for Spouse Abuse: Are Women with PTSD Appropriate Participants?

Eighty four abused women seeking therapy with their husbands were accepted into a group treatment program for spouse abuse. In the current study, we evaluated the treatment outcome of those women (n = 27) diagnosed with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD diagnosis, itself, did not differentiate those women who dropped out of treatment. Results indicated, however, that across all women, avoidance symptomatology significantly differentiated treatment completers from dropouts. Although women with PTSD began treatment in worse condition (lower marital satisfaction, higher depressive symptomatology, greater fear of spouse), post-assessment revealed they achieved positive treatment gains parallel to those of women without PTSD. Women with PTSD improved on each outcome variable measured, including a reduction in fear of spouse. Women with PTSD also did not differentially drop out of either treatment condition (men's/women's versus conjoint groups) which lends support to the appropriateness of conjoint treatment for spouse abuse.     

Personality traits of convicted male batterers

The purpose of this investigation is to determine if select psychological variables are associated with abusive behavior of convicted male batterers. The sample included a treatment group of 75 court-referred abusers who were individually administered the Taylor-Johnson Temperament Analysis (T-JTA) instrument. Explored were: (1) the relationships among personality variables and sociological and demographic characteristics, (2) possible behavioral disorders in our study group of spouse abusers, (3) whether major bipolar personality variables could distinguish our study group from the general population. Results revealed the Taylor-Johnson behavioral disorder types were not useful in identifying distinctions among our spouse abusers. However, a two-factor rotation (Internal/Emotional Balance and Social Interaction) produced results which should be of interest to programs treating batterers as well as provide a suggestive lead for future research. Battering men were found to have a restless proclivity for interaction that will be competitive and conflict-oriented in style. Their impulsiveness further suggests that their interactions will be negative in terms of evocation.     

关于构建协调合理的医疗人身损害赔偿标准研究

近年来,随着《医疗事故处理条例》(以下简称“条例”)和最高人民法院《关于审理人身损害赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》(以下简称“解释”)的施行,可以说,对我国医疗事故处理以及损害赔偿纠纷的解决起到了非常重要的协调作用,也是整个医事法制建设进一步完善的重要体现。但是,实践中还存在着诸多亟待解决的问题,其中最为突出的当属医疗事故鉴定矛盾的集中性和赔偿制度的不协调性,如“多元的鉴定制度”、“双轨制的赔偿标准”等。这些情况在客观上已经影响到了对医疗人身损害案件的正确处理。这两个问题是紧密联系的,因此只要能够解决其中一个,另一个问题就可以得到很好的解决。     

Alternatives to Custody for High-Risk Young Offenders: The Multisystemic Therapy Approach

This article describes the implementation of randomised trials in Ontario, Canada, of a community-based, therapeutic intervention for youths who would be candidates for custodial sentences because of the severity or persistence of their criminal behaviour. Many recognise the need to reduce custody stays but the realisation of that goal requires the creation of community-based programs which judges believe will not put the public at risk. Reviews of the empirical literature indicated that Multisystemic Therapy could be a cost-effective, individualised, community-based alternative to custody that reduces long and short-term recidivism of high-risk youths.     

Safety, Health Care, and Bonding Within an Ecobehavioral Approach to Treating and Preventing Child Abuse and Neglect

This paper describes Project SafeCare, an ecobehavioral research and treatment project with families reported or at risk for child abuse or neglect. Preliminary demographic data are reviewed along with indirect assessment data. Four case studies are described to exemplify the effects of training provided to families. The implications for the current assessment data, treatment, and outcome are discussed.