德商、道德价值规律与品德标尺的应用

本文首先提出德商(Moral Quotient,MQ)的定义、计算公式和测评步骤。德商概念的引入以及由此推出的品德标尺理论旨在为公民道德建设提供了理论参考。     

论刑法的道德理念

刑法作为对社会政治、经济、文化影响最大的基本法之一 ,在实现其惩罚犯罪、保护社会功能的同时 ,不应该淡化它对公平、人道和宽容的价值追求。公平和公开的 ,宽容和人道的刑法规范及其适用 ,构成了刑法道德理念的核心内涵和伦理基础 ,也是刑法得以贯彻实施和一体遵行的保障     

论高校德育教师业务素质

德育教学不同于一般的知识技能课教学,实践性和修养性决定了它的教学过程是教师与学生共同参与的互动修身过程,是教学过程与修养过程的统一。业务素质是高校德育教师素质结构的核心。它作为媒体和中介,将各种素质物化到教学、科研和专业实践活动之中。     

从《新民说》到《德育鉴》——基于伦理学视角的文本考察

在20世纪的中国伦理思想史中,梁启超的《新民说》和《德育鉴》是非常重要的文献。它们不仅热情洋溢地阐发了＂新民德＂思想,在当时产生了极大的启蒙作用,而且也为后来人们的道德思考提供了一对新的能够被广泛使用的范畴,在中国伦理学从古代向现代发展的过程中具有重要的地位。虽然,梁启超在伦理学学科学理的阐发方面还有所缺陷,但其在思想上结合＂公德与私德＂、＂权利与义务＂、＂破坏与建设＂的努力,对于生活在21世纪的我们探讨如何合理地组织社会道德生活的理论,仍然具有深刻的启示意义。     

美国警察不当行为及其对策的解读——以认知合理化为视角

美国警察使其不当行为合理化有很多认知重建策略,如否定被害人,否认受伤,指责被害人,非人格化等。正是这些对警察不当行为的认知重建心理因素使美国的警察不当行为愈演愈烈。研究支配美国警察不当行为的心理因素,能够很好地理解和认识不当行为。美国应对警察不当行为的措施是建立不当行为早期预警体系,加强对不当行为的法律监督、媒体监督和公民监督,强化警察道德和品格教育等。     

Optimal agency contracts: The effect of vicarious liability and judicial error

Under the doctrine of vicarious liability, a deep-pocket principal is often held responsible for a third-party harm caused by a judgment-proof agent’s negligence. We analyze the incentive contract used by the principal to control the agent’s behavior when a court can make an error in determining the agent’s negligence. We show that (1) reducing the error of declaring the agent not negligent even when he was (pro-defendant or type II error) is better than reducing the error of declaring the agent negligent even when he was not (pro-plaintiff or type I error) and (2) allowing the principal to penalize the agent even when the court declares the agent not negligent improves welfare. The latter supports the argument that causing an accident (or a reliable allegation of misconduct) should be sufficient to justify a “just cause” termination of an employee.     

Longevity Ancient and Modern

The article examines illustrations from ancient and modern societies to consider the connections between power, social elites and knowledge of techniques to promote longevity. In pre-modern societies, knowledge of practices and substances to promote longevity were cultivated by elites such as the Chinese imperial court. In modern societies, new technologies—cryonics, cloning, stem-cell applications and nanotechnology—will offer exclusive and expensive methods for prolonging life for the rich. However one important difference between the ancient and modern world is that with secularization longevity is no longer connected with a moral life; longevity is not a reward for sanctity. We have democratized the ambition for long life but not necessarily its realization. The modern quest for longevity appears to be connected with the desire of Baby Boomer generations to hold on to their assets, but while modern medicine may help us to survive forever, it cannot tell us how to live forever.

A psychological perspective on moral reasoning,processes of decision-making,and moral resistance

ABSTRACT

This article presents a psychological approach on the development of social and moral judgments that has relevance for the topics of public justification and world politics. In contrast with approaches assuming that morality is primarily determined by emotions and non-rational, the research discussed shows that moral development involves the construction of thinking about welfare, justice, and rights. In parallel with judgments in the moral domain, individuals construct judgments about conventions in the social system and areas of personal jurisdiction. Research documents that moral and social decisions involve processes of coordination, or weighing and balancing, moral and non-moral considerations and goals, as well as different moral goals. Processes of coordination are also involved in decisions about cultural practices that include social inequalities and relationships between those in dominant and subordinate positions in social hierarchies. Judgments about the fairness of practices entailing inequalities produce social opposition and moral resistance.     

The Denial of Virtue

When a New York City man risked his own life to save a stranger on the subway tracks, the New York Times interpreted his behavior not in terms of virtue but as a product of certain ‘hard-wiring’ he happened to possess. In denying virtue, the Times followed a school of thought that is pervasive in social science (referred to in this paper as the ‘individualists’) who, for example, explain charitable donations by pointing out tax deductions, explain volunteer work by revealing the opportunities contained therein to meet other singles, and so on. Actually, the assumptions and arguments which ground this widespread ‘denial of virtue’ are both empirically and normatively flawed, and the theory itself is belied by data about people doing good for moral reasons. Evidence drawn from personal introspection, from empirical studies of human behavior, from analysis of voting as a civil act, from interpreting peoples’ reaction to Alzheimer’s disease, from critical inspection of the logic of ‘individualist’ social explanations, and from a normative criticism of the products of the ‘individualist’ approach all support a rejection of the ‘individualist’ approach. The deniers of virtue should heed the evidence and pay mind to the amoralizing consequences of their erroneous theories.

略论道德建设对依法治国的基础作用

从法律规范的来源、合理性的依据、实施和弥补不足等几个方面集中论述了道德对法治的作用和影响,认为法制建设离不开道德建设,加强道德建设是实行法治的必然要求.