公民参与网络与公共政策过程的有效运行

社会资本的生产、维持和积累主要依赖于两大来源:互利互惠的规范和公民参与网络。公民参与网络与公共政策过程的有效运行存在着内在的逻辑关联,即公共政策的有效制定和执行等与公民参与网络社会资本的储量息息相关。公民参与网络社会资本的充分发育是公民切实进入公共政策过程、讨论特定的政策议题、协力执行公共政策的前提。因此,政府在公共决策过程中必须考虑公民参与网络这个变量,通过有效的制度设计和建构促进公民参与网络社会资本存量的提升,以形成公民参与网络和公共政策过程之间的良性互动关系,从而有利于维持公共政策的公共利益的价值取向。     

网络舆论引发行政危机的应对策略

网络公共舆论是公民政治参与的体现,其引发的公共危机造成政府的行政困难。政治信息闭塞、执政观念落后、法制建设滞后、网络舆论固有特性是引发行政危机的原因。面对行政危机,政府应创新观念,遵循民主与法制先行和促进发展与安全使用并举的方针,一方面要公开政府信息、上网行政;另一方面要加强网络立法,建立完善网络政治参与的制度体系,危机出现时还要采取正确的媒体政策。     

发达国家网络信息内容治理模式

通过比较分析和实证分析等方法,本文对发达国家网络信息内容安全管理理念与实践演化路径进行了研究。研究结果表明,传统的以机密性、可用性、完整性三要素为核心的信息安全理论已经无法解释越来越复杂的网络信息安全管理问题。网络信息内容本身的社会危害性问题成为传统信息安全管理的悖论。以"9.11"为标志,西方发达国家对网络信息内容的管理理念开始发生重大转变,并初步形成网络信息内容安全管理模式的雏形。文章的研究对于开展中国特色网络信息内容治理理论的研究和管理实践模式的探索具有客观的参考意义。     

Networks of organised black market labour in the building trade

The building industry is a sector characterised by a large number of opportunities to commit economic crime. In Sweden, the level of tax avoidance in the building trade is estimated to be substantial, and the use of black market labour extensive. This article focuses on the organised use of black market labour in the building industry, which may be described as a form of both economic and organised crime. To date only a very small number of criminological studies have examined the use of black market labour in this sector of the economy. The article focuses on two of the central roles found in the context of organised, black market labour: the “fixer” and the “criminal entrepreneur”. The fixer is an individual with expertise in the methods of economic crime. The criminal entrepreneur acts first and foremost as a link between a client and the manpower required by this client. In this paper, fixers and criminal entrepreneurs are studied on the basis of data from the Swedish Register of Suspected Offenders. The analysis shows that the networks of fixers and criminal entrepreneurs overlap one another to some extent. There are nonetheless a number of differences between the two groups and also between their respective networks. The networks of the fixers are larger than those of the criminal entrepreneurs, and the individuals that comprise the fixers’ networks are suspected in connection with much larger numbers of offences. The fixers more often commit offences together with others and also have larger numbers of suspected co-offenders than the criminal entrepreneurs. On the other hand, the criminal entrepreneurs are suspected of having maintained their ties to suspected co-offenders for longer periods of time than the fixers. The fixers appear to specialise in fraud and forgery offences, whereas motoring offences, smuggling and drug offences are more common among the criminal entrepreneurs. The networks are highly male-dominated and on balance they are comprised of much older individuals than those of traditional offenders. Many of the fixers and criminal entrepreneurs are suspected of committing offences with the same co-offender for a long period of time. Further out in the networks, co-offenders are replaced more often. Tax offences are very common in both types of network, both in those parts of the network that are close to the fixers and criminal entrepreneurs, and also in more distant parts of the networks. In the more distant parts of the networks, there is also an increase in the proportion of offences that individual network members are suspected of committing. Judging from the material examined in the current study, violent offences do not appear to be very common among either fixers or criminal entrepreneurs. The networks examined are largely comprised of individuals suspected of economic offences. These individuals are linked together with one another by means of direct and indirect contacts that produce semi-legal networks of individuals with knowledge of organised black market labour.

基于网络药理学和分子对接技术探究脑络欣通治疗缺血性脑卒中的机制

目的 采用网络药理学方法探究益气活血方脑络欣通治疗缺血性脑卒中（ischemic stroke,IS）的作用机制,并通过分子对接技术进行初步验证。方法 通过TCMSP、ETCM、化学专业数据库及文献筛选脑络欣通活性成分及作用靶点,通过OMIM、DisGeNET、GeneCards以及Drugbank数据库挖掘IS相关靶点;将交集靶点导入STRING平台和Cytoscape 3.8.2软件构建PPI网络并通过拓扑分析获得核心靶点,同时构建“中药—活性成分—核心靶点—疾病”可视化网络图;运用R软件进行GO功能及KEGG通路富集分析。最后借助Auto Dock Tools软件以及PyMOL软件进行分子对接和可视化。结果 脑络欣通的潜在活性成分78个,治疗IS的潜在作用靶点200个,核心靶点包括STAT3、JUN、MAPK1、TP53等;作用较突出的活性成分包括槲皮素、β-谷甾醇、山柰酚、木犀草素等。进一步的生物功能分析获得150条信号通路,包括PI3K-AKT信号通路、HIF-1信号通路、FoxO信号通路等关键通路。分子对接结果表明关键活性成分与核心靶点之间存在分子结合位点,并有较强的结合活性。结论 益气活血方脑络欣通可能是通过多成分、多靶点协同作用于氧化应激、炎症反应、细胞凋亡、自噬等生理病理环节,从而发挥治疗IS的作用。     

“陈知益、邓字平涉黑”案的几点思考

“陈知益、邓宇平涉黑案”既具有我国当前黑社会性质组织的一般特征,也具有其个性特点,是较为典型的黑社会性质组织犯罪案件。“以赌养黑、以黑护赌”是其最为突出的特点。其生成、坐大既受到“袍哥”文化的消极影响,也有好逸恶劳、暴富与蔑视国家法治规则的畸形心理驱使,还有相关基层机关执法不力、个别公职人员充当“保护伞”等原因。为防控此类案件发生,应坚持打防结合、综合治理的方针,有针对性地采取多种相应措施。     

浅析网络民族主义与中国国家安全

网络民族主义是指主要以互联网作为言论平台,自发表达爱国热情的一种社会现象。它具有明显的突发性、一定的自发性以及一定的非理性与理性思考相结合的特点。网络民族主义主要以民族团结和舆论导向问题为切合点,对国家安全既有积极作用,也有消极作用。中国政府应采取相应措施,包括加强网络舆论监督,培养理性的传播者、接受者队伍,建立完善的网络法律体系,采取灵活政策正确组织引导等,使当代中国网络民族主义成为维护国家安全与社会政治稳定、促进民族团结的积极因素。     

浅谈网络招聘诈骗案件的侦查

随着信息化时代的到来,互联网的开发与综合应用已经深入人心。企业为了提升在社会主义市场经济中的地位,招聘优秀人才为企业的发展注入新鲜血液和持续动力成为企业的一项重要工作。求职者也在浩如烟海的招聘领域里努力寻找着自己的坐标,网络在招聘企业和求职者之间搭建了一个广阔的信息平台。网络招聘成为网络技术在人力资源管理中应用的主要形式,金融危机的到来进一步压缩了企业在人力资源招聘中的成本,而随着我国就业压力的增大,求职者也在追求着应聘效率的最大化。网络招聘不仅节约企业的招聘成本,也为求职者提供了更为广阔的择业空间,但是网络招聘的崛起也为实施网络招聘诈骗的不法分子提供了有利的机会。侦破网络招聘诈骗案件,有利于维护就业市场秩序,有利于维护社会主义市场经济的稳定和健康发展。     

Political linkages between CSOs and parliament in Indonesia: a case study of political linkages in drafting the Aceh Governance Law

This research explores how political linkages between civil society organizations (CSOs) and Parliament are established, formed, and operated, using the drafting of the Aceh Governance Law as a case study. It finds that the initiative of establishing political linkages between CSOs and Parliament was taken by the CSOs joined in the Aceh Democracy Network (JDA, Jaringan Demokrasi Aceh). It confirms Lawson’s finding that parties are not the only linkage providers; however, the establishment of non-party linkages are not indicators of parties’ failure to provide linkage. This article shows how what Lawson terms ‘typology’—participatory linkage, policy-responsive linkage, linkage by reward, directive or coercive linkage—is manifested more as different ‘dimensions’ of linkages. Participatory linkage involves a bottom-up model, unlike directive or coercive linkage, which are top-down. Likewise, the motives behind responsive linkages—for aspirations, demands, and views to be heard—tend to be from the bottom, while the motives of linkage by reward is more frequently from the top.Abbreviations: ACSTF: Aceh Civil Society Task Force; ADF: Aceh Development Fund. Independent non-profit organization that works to mobilize funds and other resources to be channelled to CSOs are characterized by changes in the framework of poverty alleviation and strengthening of democracy, with the scope of the working area of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam; AJMI: Aceh Judicial Monitoring Institute. Aceh-based nongovernmental organization which advocates for victims of state violence; Cetro: Centre for Electoral Reform. Non-profit organization that aim to strengthen and promote fair elections through electoral system reformation; Demos: Lembaga Kajian Demokrasi dan Hak Asasi (democracy and human rights think tank); ELSAM: Lembaga Studi dan Advokasi Masyarakat (Institute for Societal Study and Advocacy); Flower: Aceh-based civil society organization concerned with gender, empowerment and strengthening grassroots women in urban and rural areas; FORBES: Forum bersama politisi asal Aceh (Joint Forum of Politicians from Aceh); Forum: LSM Aceh Forum Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (Aceh Nongovernment Organization Forum); GAM: Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (Free Aceh Movement); Golkar: Golongan Karya (Functional Groups). Party formed under the New Order and represented as a governmental party at that time; ICW: Indonesia Corruption Watch. Nongovernmental organization founded in 1998 whose primary mission is to monitor and report to the public incidents of corruption in Indonesia; Imparsial: Indonesian Human Rights Monitor. Founded in 2002 to monitor and investigate human right violations; JDA: Jaringan Demokrasi Aceh (Aceh Democracy Network); JPUK: Jaringan Perempuan untuk Kebijakan (Women’s Policy Network); Kalyanamitra: Women’s advocacy organization, especially for women who work as labourers, farmers, fishers, informal sector workers. Kalyanamitra derives from Sanskrit ‘Good Friend’; Koalisi NGO HAM: Coalition of Human Right Nongovernment Organizations. Founded in 1998 by nongovernmental organizations whose concern is promoting human rights in Aceh; KontraS: Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence; KPMD: Komite Monitoring Perdamaian dan Demokrasi (Committee for Peace and Democracy). Founded in Aceh in 2002 to bring peace and justice for Acehnese people; MISPI: Mitra Sejati Perempuan Indonesia (True Partner of Indonesian Women). Aceh-based women’s organization that promotes women’s participation and encourages women to speak with their own voices; MPR: Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat (People’s Consultative Assembly); PAN: Partai Amanat Nasional (National Mandate Party). Moderate Islamist political party that was founded by reformists, including Amien Rais, former chairman of the Muhammadiyah organization; PBR: Partai Bintang Reformasi (Star of Reform Party). Islamist political party founded in 2002 as a result of PPP conflict; PDIP: Partai Demokrasi Indonesia-Perjuangan (Indonesian Democrat Party-Struggle). Founded by Megawati Soekarnoputri, daughter of Soekarno, in 1999; PDRM: Pergerakan Demokratik Rakyat Miskin (Democratic Movement for the Poor); PKB: Partai Kebangkitan Bangsa (National Awakening Party). Established in 1998, representing Nahdlatul Ulama organization (associations of ulamas formed in 1926 in East Java); PKS: Partai Keadilan Sejahtera (Prosperous Justice Party). New name of Partai Keadilan (Justice Party), which emerged from the Tarbiyah party movement; PPP: Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (United Development Party). Founded by the New Order in 1973 as part of the ‘rationalization of political life’; PSHK: Pusat Studi Hukum dan Kebijakan (Centre for Legal and Policy Studies). Established in 2008 by several scholars, advocates, and law students to drive efforts for legal reform after the 1998 reformation; WALHI: Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Indonesian Environmental Forum). Founded in 1980, its scope is broader than just environmental concerns, but also works for social transformation, people’s sovereignty, and sustainability of life and livelihoods; YAPPIKA: Yayasan Penguatan Partisipasi Inisiatif dan Kemitraan Masyarakat (Foundation to Reinforce Public Participation, Initiative, and Partnership). Founded in 1991 to promote peacebuilding, development of democratic local governance, active citizenship, and claiming state responsibility to meet people’s basic needs     

Hezbollah’s Global Tentacles: A Relational Approach to Convergence with Transnational Organized Crime

That terrorists, criminals, and their facilitators exploit the global marketplace is well known. While the global movement of illicit goods is well documented, robust empirical evidence linking terrorism and organized crime remains elusive. This article posits Network Science as a means of making these links more apparent. As a critical case study, Hezbollah is quite possibly the most mature globalized terrorist organization, although it thinks of itself as the “Party of God.” However, the means seem to justify the ends: this article shows that Hezbollah’s holy men have no qualms about resorting to pornography, contraband cigarettes, immigration fraud, and credit card fraud to raise funds. Beyond establishing links, Social Network Analysis reveals other important characteristics, such as the relative autonomy from Hezbollah headquarters that local fundraising networks enjoy. That finding implies a paradigm shift: Hezbollah is no less a terrorist organization than an organized crime syndicate. This is apparent in a network’s structure. Transnational Organized Crime is typically about nodes being connected to many others in the network. Yet, Hezbollah fundraising networks allow such connectivity because of the group’s typically high levels of mutual trust and familial relationships. This creates a vulnerability that can be exploited by law enforcement and intelligence organizations.