维稳压力对基层法院组织形态的形塑

维稳压力是形塑中国法院组织形态的重要因素。在维稳工作中,基层法院与地方党政系统形成紧密的互需关系。一方面,基层法院通过行使审判职能和延伸审判职能的方式参与地方维稳工作;另一方面,在案件审理执行以及涉诉信访工作中,基层法院也需要地方党政系统的支持。在维稳压力的影响下,基层法院的组织形态进行了调适,形成以案件属性转化、责任体系再造、组织运行重构为主要内容的运作机制。经过调适的组织形态在很大程度上提升了基层法院应对维稳问题的能力,不过法官独立行权空间受到一定程度的限缩。在基础性社会矛盾突出的转型期,基层法院组织形态的建构与运行依然会建立在对维稳压力审慎考量的基础之上。     

对"黑社会组织"概念的词义分析与实证考究

黑社会组织是指由众多成员组成,有严密的组织性和组织亚文化,使用暴力、威胁手段,或以其为后盾,控制一定的社会区域或行业,向权力部门渗透并建立保护伞,以牟取经济利益为最终目的的半隐蔽的社会群体.黑社会组织具有成员众多性、暴力性、组织严密性、垄断性、获取经济利益目的性、半隐蔽性、形成自己的亚文化、建立保护伞等特性.凭借权力庇护和组织暴力,在一定社会区域或行业牟取经济利益是黑社会组织的本质特征.     

Diminishing returns: Russia’s participation in the World Trade Organization

Russia’s 2012 accession to the World Trade Organization was widely expected to spur economic growth and modernization, by helping the country abandon its import-substitution model and fully integrate into the global economy. However, thus far, Russia’s compliance record with its WTO commitments has been mixed, and WTO membership has given Russia limited economic benefits and few political gains. In analyzing why, this article uses neoclassical realism as a framework for assessing Russia’s behavior in WTO trade disputes and negotiations. During Russia’s economic recession, the regime of President Vladimir Putin advanced protectionist policies and maintained statist control over the heights of the economy, while using rhetorical strategies to counter accusations from Western powers that Russia had violated WTO norms. Russia’s struggling economy weakened its status as a global economic power, and it was viewed as unqualified to sit among the core group of negotiators in the WTO.     

上海合作组织扩员后的地区定位与合作格局

作为新地区主义的一种实践形式,上海合作组织成立后不断发展。上海合作组织坚持以“不干涉内政”原则为核心的主权规范,遵循“国家主义”发展路径。扩员之前,在应对安集延事件、吉尔吉斯斯坦政局动荡等地区安全与政治挑战的过程中,上海合作组织确立了以中亚为地缘安全中心的地区定位。在开展各领域合作的进程中,上海合作组织秉持协商一致的原则,其内部形成了“大国引领、中小国家平等参与”的合作格局。扩员之后,上海合作组织继续遵循“国家主义”发展路径,但其地区定位与内部合作格局出现了新变化。印度和巴基斯坦的加入,使中亚的地缘安全中心地位相对下降,以中亚为重心、南亚为重要延伸成为上海合作组织新的地区定位。印度和巴基斯坦两国的加入,还增加了上海合作组织内部合作格局的复杂性,使“大国引领”的合作格局面临深刻转型,“中小国家平等参与”的合作格局也在发生演变。目前,上海合作组织处于发展转型的十字路口,其发展面临的不确定性需要给予更多关注。     

政策性与公益性:中部农村的双层治理结构与逻辑

村组两级组织分别建立在熟人社会-半熟人社会的社会基础之上,承担着政策性和公益性两种不同的治理功能。村级组织遵循现代公共规则和生活逻辑,通过内化自己人和精英吸纳与角色规约机制实现治理;而村民小组主要遵循生活逻辑,通过内化自己人的机制实施治理。     

Migration management for the benefit of whom? Interrogating the work of the International Organization for Migration

This paper examines the relationship between the nation-state and migration through the activities of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The IOM operates at the intersection of nation-states, international human rights regimes, and neo-liberal governance. We find that the IOM enforces the exclusions of asylum seekers and maintains the central role of nation-states in ordering global flows of migration. In addition, we argue that the IOM acts on behalf of nation-states by using the language of international human rights, as though working in the interests of migrants and refugees. In providing a geographic appraisal of the IOM alongside its image and presentation with an analysis of its activities on voluntary returns, we address the new spaces of ‘networked’ governance that control and order migratory flows in the interests of nation-states.     

新冠肺炎疫情防控与全球卫生治理--以世界卫生组织改革为主线

新冠肺炎疫情是当前国际社会遇到的极为严重的公共卫生安全危机,不但给全球政治经济发展带来前所未有的挑战,也对全球卫生治理机制构成史无前例的压力测试。作为全球卫生治理最重要的多边机制,世界卫生组织积极致力于新冠肺炎疫情防控,成为全球卫生安全命运共同体理念的"推动者"、全球抗疫合作的"协调者"、全球抗疫薄弱环节的"补位者"以及全球抗疫规范和技术的"提供者"。实际上,世界卫生组织一直通过机构改革来适应不断变化的全球卫生安全形势,优化和提升其全球卫生治理功能。特别是在谭德塞担任总干事后,世界卫生组织发起了该组织"历史上最广泛的改革",将项目规划、应急能力建设、对外关系和治理以及组织规范与标准作为其改革的四大支柱,使其全球卫生治理功能得到显著提升。然而,新冠肺炎疫情防控同样也暴露了世界卫生组织全球卫生治理功能的不足和局限。国际社会唯有诉诸通力合作、彰显责任担当,共同为以世界卫生组织为主体的全球卫生治理机制运作创造更有利的国际政治环境,新冠肺炎疫情方能尽快平息,全球卫生治理才能真正进入健康的运行轨道。     

非政府组织参与WTO争端解决机制的角色定位

非政府组织以"法庭之友"身份间接参与争端解决程序,向争端解决各方提供客观、科学和公允的信息,有效发挥其辅助争端解决的角色功能,具有十分充分的正当性。但是,由于非政府组织对WTO争端解决机制的参与缺乏明确的法律依据、成员方过于担忧WTO的政府间性质会受到非政府组织的冲击、一些非政府组织的代表性亦需要仔细甄别,使得非政府组织的参与行为仍然面临巨大的角色困境。因此,只有客观分析困境,厘清对非政府组织的角色困惑,进而科学应对,方可走向共赢。     

Agricultural policy in Russia and WTO accession

This article analyzes the implications of World Trade Organization (WTO) accession for Russian agricultural policy. Using Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) data on producer support from 2010, we identify two major characteristics of Russian agricultural and trade policy (a) reliance on sizeable differences between world and domestic prices to generate two-thirds of agricultural producer support and (b) highly distortionary budget support. We then consider whether the disciplines introduced by WTO accession will constrain or even roll back these distortionary policies, thereby substantially changing the nature of agricultural policies in Russia. Using data from OECD-FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) and Russian Ministry of Agriculture projections, we conclude that the structure of OECD-type producer support in 2020 will be very similar to its current state. Market price support will continue to dominate the Producer Support Estimate, and the projected Current Total Aggregate Measure of Support (AMS) will approach the WTO Bound Total AMS (the ceiling on production-distorting support) only in 2018. For the reasons above, we conclude that although WTO accession provides opportunities for important changes in Russian sanitary, phytosanitary, food safety, trade, and tariff policies, membership is not a guarantee of systemic change. In fact, a serious look at Russian WTO commitments makes a minimum-change scenario quite possible and even likely.     

Organizing international armaments cooperation: institutional design and path dependencies in Europe

Abstract

Few issues are more important to scholars of Europe's emergence as a foreign policy actor than whether the European Union (EU) can forge a common defense-industrial policy out of 27 states' procurement policies and defense industries. Overlooked in most scholarly analyses of European defense-industrial cooperation, the story of Europe's international armaments organizations stretches back more than six decades. In this article, we examine the impact of past institutional outcomes on the defense-industrial field by applying the concepts and analytic tools of historic institutionalism to European armaments organizations. Because past institutional dynamics have channeled the subsequent development of armaments cooperation, what has emerged is a polycentric governance architecture wherein organizations with transatlantic, pan-European and restrictive-European memberships dominate distinct components of the cooperative process. We demonstrate that this maturing institutional pattern will likely limit the opportunities for the EU – and especially its Commission – to shape the future contours of European defense-industrial cooperation.