路径依赖视野下网上银行安全保障义务的理性之维

网上银行安全保障义务以普通经营者的安全保障义务为前提,只是因为网上银行的特殊性具有了一定的差异性。对于网络信息技术的路径依赖使得网上银行的风险处于动态的过程之中,其安全保障义务的合理限度必须在当前技术水平下,结合网上银行的特殊性,按照低概率事件的可能性,以一个正常认知能力的人可接受程度为限综合考虑各种因素加以判断。配套设施达标和防范措施到位是合理划定网上银行安全保障义务的重要标准。     

浅议网络舆论对审判独立的僭越

随着微博等即时网络媒介的迅猛发展,其对社会各方面都产生了极其深刻的影响,司法领域亦不例外。虽然,网络舆论与司法制度最终的价值标准都是为了维护社会的公平正义,然而两者之间虽同归,但殊途的特质却也在现实中引发了一些问题。从"许霆案"到"药家鑫案",从"福建南平弑童案"到"浙江温岭虐童案",舆论审判越来越多的介入司法审判,并逐渐成为实现审判独立的一大掣肘。因此,为实现舆论监督与审判独立的合理共存,有必要从舆论监督与审判独立的关系及影响着手,寻找其合理的解决方案,以实现两者的互为助益,共同发展。     

Historischer Institutionalismus und Vergleichende Föderalismusforschung: Fragestellungen und Analyseperspektiven

Abstract: Abgesehen von wenigen Ausnahmen sind neuere theoretische Entwicklungen im Historischen Institutionalismus bislang kaum von der vergleichenden Föderalismusforschung aufgenommen worden. Der Beitrag diskutiert deshalb die Möglichkeiten, die eine historisch‐institutionalistische Perspektive für die Bearbeitung von zwei zentralen Fragestellungen der vergleichenden Föderalismusforschung bietet: die Frage nach den Entstehungsbedingungen föderativer Systeme sowie die nach deren Entwicklungsdynamik. Für alle zwei Fragestellungen, so die Grundüberlegung des Artikels, hält der Historische Institutionalismus gewinnbringende Analyseinstrumente bereit, die dazu beitragen können, zwischen den weitgehend isolierten Theoriesträngen der Föderalismusforschung zu vermitteln.     

权利：从法律到信仰的路径选择

西方法律传统是受到基督教的深刻影响,没有基督教信仰就不会有西方法律信仰。而在缺失基督教信仰传统的中国,凭借什么铸就人们对法律信仰的精神理念?选择什么路径完成人们从法律到信仰的精神朝圣之旅?本文认为,“权利”是从法律到信仰的最佳路径选择。因为从宗教信仰到法律信仰最根本的因子就是“权利”;权利是法律的精神与灵魂,没有权利的法律即非良法;“权利”能够成为中国法律信仰的因子;没有权利信仰,就不会有法律信仰。     

大学生心理健康因素和人格因素相关性研究

本研究选取《中国大学生心理健康量表》和《中国大学生人格量表》对山东大学2006级全体新生（6976人，男4378人，女2598人，年龄17—20岁）进行了测试结果分析，探讨两量表间的相关性。经研究发现心理健康量表的12维度与人格量表中的活跃、坚韧、处世态度、重情相关性较大；从典型相关所提取的七对典型变量来看，这七对的典型相关系数都是显著的，且前三对典型变量贡献率较大。《中国大学生心理健康量表》与《中国大学生人格量表》有密切的相关性。     

The dynamic properties of individual-level party identification in the United States

Central to traditionalist and revisionist perspectives of individual-level party identification is a debate about the stability of party identification. We revisit the debate about the dynamic properties and processes underlying party identification. We present a conceptual framework that defines heterogeneity and state dependence as endpoints of a continuum underlying partisan stability, which is important in understanding an individual’s capacity for updating partisanship. Using panel data from the 1992-1996 National Election Study, we estimate dynamic, random effects multinomial logit models of party identification that distinguish between heterogeneity and “true state dependence.” In accord with traditionalist perspectives, our evidence suggests that in general, minimal state dependence underlies party identification; party identification is strongly stationary. However, we find that age enhances the magnitude of state dependence, which provides some support for revisionist theories. Overall, our work showcases how explaining individual-level dynamics expands our knowledge of partisan stability.     

From Armed Neutrality to External Dependence: Swiss Security in the 21st Century

Abstract: Historically, Swiss identity was founded on beliefs in federalism, direct democracy and armed neutrality. Given continued popular support for autonomous self‐defense in an era of transnational threats, it is worth examining whether a small economically interdependent state, such as Switzerland, is single‐handedly capable of providing for its own security. To preview our conclusions, every facet of Switzerland’s security, whether against military threats, terrorism or natural disasters, today benefits from substantial international inputs. At base, Switzerland’s increasing security dependence has been driven by the following dynamics: 1) the general development of institutionalized international cooperation; 2) the evolving nature of the threats Switzerland faces; and 3) political efforts to “securitize” issues not hitherto considered as security problems. Because Swiss security dependence owes more to broad structural factors than deliberate choices, policymakers would be better off embracing this reality by proactively using international organizations to address transnational challenges.     

What Distinguishes Single from Recurrent Sexual Victims? The Role of Lifestyle‐Routine Activities and First‐Incident Characteristics

An unsettling reality is that a substantial proportion of women who have been sexually victimized are recurrent victims who experience more than one sexual victimization while young adults. What is not well understood is why some women experience a single sexual victimization whereas others experience recurrent sexual victimizations. Using a sample of 4,399 college women from the National College Women Sexual Victimization study, we examine lifestyle‐routine activities and first‐incident characteristics that could place women at risk of being recurrent sexual victims during an academic year. Our results show that none of the lifestyle‐routine activities variables differentiated single and recurrent victims; the factors that predicted being a single victim are similarly predictive of being a recurrent victim. However, women who used self‐protective action during the first incident reduced their likelihood of being a recurrent victim. Implications for the development of sexual victimization risk‐reduction and prevention programs are also discussed.     

Alcohol dependence and criminal behavior: preliminary results of an association study of environmental and genetic factors in an italian male population

The aim of this study is to propose an innovative approach evaluating the connection between alcohol use disorders and criminal behavior. The research, structured as a case–control study, was based on the analysis of environmental (social variables) and genetic factors (single nucleotide polymorphisms of glutamic acid decarboxylase) in a population (N = 173) of Italian alcohol‐dependent men. Group 1 (N = 47, convicted subjects) was compared with Group 2 (N = 126, no previous criminal conduct). Grade repetition, work problems, and drug problems were statistically associated with criminal behavior. Having daily family meals together and having children were inversely related to convictions. The genotype distribution of the two groups was similar. The association between environmental factors and antisocial behavior confirms previous findings in the literature. The lack of genetic association does not exclude the role of the gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) system in determining antisocial behavior; further studies with larger samples are needed, together with investigation of other components of the GABA pathway.     

曲马多依赖大鼠动物模型建立的实验研究

目的建立曲马多依赖大鼠动物模型。方法 30只大鼠平均分为3组,观察以60mg/kg曲马多灌胃给药与停药戒断过程中大鼠的身体依赖和精神依赖表现。结果曲马多依赖组大鼠在给药后15min内,对声音及触摸刺激反应性增高,奔跑、跳跃、竖尾等现象为3.9±0.4次/只,明显高于对照组的0.5±0.1次/只(P<0.05);条件性位置偏爱实验中,曲马多依赖组大鼠明显偏爱给药的白箱(P<0.05)。而戒断组在停止给药后出现烦躁不安、高度激惹、尖叫等行为4.9±0.7次/只,高于依赖组的0.6±0.2次/只(P<0.05);依赖组与戒断组大鼠体重明显下降(P<0.05)。结论以60mg/kg灌胃给药112d,大鼠对曲马多产生依赖,曲马多依赖大鼠动物模型建立成功。