城市可持续发展评价指标体系的理论依据和基本框架

构建任何一种评价指标体系都必须有理论上的依据。建立城市可持续发展评价指标体系的若干理论依据和城市可持续发展系统的结构特点,提出由社会、经济、人口、资源、环境、域外6个子系统组成的指标体系基本框架,并且按照对立统一关系将其划分为相互对应的两个指标群,可以大大增强该指标体系的分析比较功能。     

刑罚轻缓化的经济基础

当今世界刑罚的发展趋势是刑罚的轻缓化。虽然刑罚轻缓化的直接动力是思想观念的进化，其中主要是犯罪学的发展以及人道和人权观念的勃兴，但是刑罚轻缓化变革的内在动因应该是经济的发展。经济越发达，刑罚越轻缓。     

COMRADES OR CULPRITS? DONOR ENGAGEMENT AND BUDGET TRANSPARENCY IN AID‐DEPENDENT COUNTRIES

Budget transparency has come to be considered a key aspect of governance. Over the past decade, donors have invested increasing resources in strengthening processes through which budget transparency in developing countries can be enhanced. According to the 2008 Open Budget Index (OBI) Report, however, aid dependency and budget transparency appear to be inversely correlated. This article looks at the role of donor agencies in promoting or preventing budget transparency in aid‐dependent countries. It looks at significant correlations across the whole sample of 84 countries covered in the 2008 OBI, and analyzes more specific data for a sub‐sample of 16 aid‐dependent countries, before selecting six countries for which more detailed findings are then presented. All of these countries have implemented reforms aimed at enhancing budget transparency, with substantial donor support. These, however, often had only limited success, partly because they were not well adapted to the local context, and partly because donors put limited emphasis on improving public access to budget information. Donor efforts were also often offset by other characteristics of donor interventions, namely their fragmentation, lack of transparency, and limited use of programme aid modalities such as budget support and pooled sector funding. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thousands of years of Malay and Chinese population history in Indonesia and its implication on Paternity Index in DNA paternity testing

The existence of the Chinese population in the predominantly Malay population in Indonesia can be traced back thousands of years, and it has been suspected that it played an essential role in the history of the Malay population origin in Maritime South East Asia. With the fact that the Malay-Indonesian population is currently predominant compared to the Chinese population in Indonesia (Chinese-Indonesian), the selection of the origin of the STRs allele frequency panel population becomes an issue in DNA profiling, including in paternity testing. This study analyses the genetic relationship between the Chinese-Indonesian and Malay-Indonesian populations and how this affects the Paternity Index (PI) ??calculation in paternity test cases. The study of the relationship between populations was carried out using neighbour-joining (NJ) tree analysis and multidimensional scaling (MDS) on the allele frequency panel of 19 autosomal STRs loci of Malay-Indonesian (n = 210) and Chinese-Indonesian (n = 78) populations. Four population groups were used as references: Malay-Malaysian, Filipino, Chinese, and Caucasian. An MDS analysis was also performed based on the pairwise F_ST calculation. The combined Paternity Index (CPI) calculation was carried out on 132 paternity cases from the Malay-Indonesian population with inclusive results using a panel of allele frequencies from the six populations. The pairwise F_ST MDS indicates a closer relationship between the Chinese-Indonesian and Malay-Indonesian compared to the Chinese population, which is in line with the CPIs comparison test. The outcome suggests that the alternative use of allele frequency database between Malay-Indonesian and Chinese-Indonesian for CPI calculations is not very influential. These results can also be considered in studying the extent of genetic assimilation between the two populations. In addition, these results support the robustness claim of multivariate analysis to represent phenomena that phylogenetic analyses may not be able to demonstrate, especially for massive panel data.     

死刑案件公诉引导侦查取证问题探讨

公诉引导侦查取证是检察机关公诉部门为提高公诉案件质量而进行的机制创新,其符合现代刑事诉讼构造,符合侦查程序的目的,有利于优化检警关系,符合刑事诉讼的基本规律和我国的基本国情。《刑事诉讼法》修改后,新的庭审方式提高了控辩双方的对抗性和公诉人的举证责任,公诉引导侦查取证是公诉部门应对这一变化的必然要求,作为公诉引导侦查取证的重点和主要内容的死刑案件,其程序构建应从主体、时间、方式三个方面进行。     

东北振兴政策实践效果评价与政策启示——基于全要素生产率增长的全国比较

通过利用马奎斯特(DEA-Malmquist)指数计算得到我国各省的全要素生产率增长及其构成,对比分析东北三省与全国各省的计算情况,发现2003~2007年我国东北振兴政策实践未达到理想效果,提出东北振兴政策的一个重点指向就是对技术研发与创新、资源节约和生产要素高效利用进行大力支持。     

试论刑罚的社会责任

刑罚是犯罪的后果。但同时又是社会运行和社会存在的一部分。如果刑罚没有得到社会公众的认可,没有得到罪犯的诚服,那么刑罚的社会责任就无从谈起。刑罚的功效也会大打折扣。罪犯实质意义上的重返社会也是不可能的,更有甚者。有的终其一生把犯罪作为自己的职业,疯狂地报复社会。刑罚构制的原则思想应当是在打击犯罪和尊重人权的基础上,贯穿功利性与人道性的理性思维下,科学预测,合理配置,兼顾社会性和法律性,做到发挥出刑罚功效的最大化。在社会转型期尤为重要。     

刑罚结构部分调整之理性探索

我国的刑罚结构是典型的重刑结构,最主要的表现是以生命刑和重度自由刑为中心.就目前而言,严格限制以至不适用死刑是我国大致可以接受的废除死刑的方式.对无期徒刑也需做出必要的控制,尤其要注意无期徒刑与有期徒刑的衔接问题.而对短期自由刑改革的最直接有效的方式是将短期自由刑易科为非监禁方式的替代型改革方案.     

探析中国古代的刑罚权思想

刑罚权从扩张滥用到谨慎谦抑地适用是法治从野蛮到文明的标志之一,在刑罚权发展的历史阶段中,我国古代的刑罚权思想极具特色。既有慎刑思想,又有重刑思想,二者在不同时期占居着不同的位置。而＂德主刑辅＂和民本思想又体现出恤民、惜民的进步意识。探析我国古代的刑罚权思想,有助于理解刑罚权具有超越犯罪控制本身的社会影响,启示当代中国遏制刑罚权的扩张本性,张扬刑罚权恢复正义、保障人权以及矫正罪犯的本分,     

违反行政法义务的责任:在行政处罚与刑罚之间——基于《行政处罚法》第7条第2款之规定而展开的分析

具有刑罚后果的违反行政法义务的行为,在具有相同的行政处罚和刑罚构成要件的情况下,应当从区分行政处罚和刑罚的决定因素与适用的两个面向,根据行为的情节、后果、条件、数量和主体等因素确定给予行政处罚抑或刑罚。在处理程序上,基于"行政→刑事"和"刑事→行政"正反两个程序模式的架构,从它们的启动要件、运作步骤和程序效力等方面,解释现行相关规定的实质内容,揭示两种法律责任的程序衔接部分的法律框架。