Revisiting child sponsorship programmes

Child sponsorship programmes have long been criticised for their conceptual and programmatic flaws. In response, organisations changed their programme designs to minimise negative side effects, or even stopped providing direct support to individual children altogether. This paper outlines the evolution of sponsorship programmes; discusses advantages and drawbacks of today's one-to-one sponsorship methods; and explores how progress may be possible. It concludes that such sponsorship programmes will never amount to sustainable development but can, if designed well, make a credible contribution to complex livelihoods in environments that lack adequate safety nets.

Repenser les programmes de parrainage d'enfants

Les programmes de parrainage d'enfants sont depuis longtemps critiqués pour leurs défauts conceptuels et programmatiques. En réponse à ces critiques, les organisations ont modifié la conception de leurs programmes pour réduire au minimum les effets secondaires négatifs, et ont même parfois complètement cessé d'apporter un soutien direct à des enfants individuels. Cet article décrit dans ses grands traits l’évolution des programmes de parrainage, traite des avantages et des inconvénients des méthodes actuelles de parrainage individuel et examine les manières dont il serait possible de progresser. Il conclut que les programmes de parrainage de ce type ne constitueront jamais des formes de développement durable, mais qu'ils peuvent, à condition d’être bien conçus, apporter une contribution crédible à des moyens de subsistance complexes dans des environnements qui ne sont pas pourvus de filets de sécurité adéquats.

Revisando nuevamente los programas de patrocinio a la niñez

Durante mucho tiempo, los programas de patrocinio a la niñez han sido objeto de críticas debido a sus fallos conceptuales y programáticos. Frente a esta situación, las organizaciones han modificado el diseño de sus programas, con el fin de minimizar sus efectos negativos, o han detenido totalmente el apoyo brindado a niños de manera individual. El presente artículo esboza la evolución experimentada por los programas de patrocinio, a la vez que examina las ventajas y las desventajas de los actuales programas de patrocinio individual, analizando cómo pueden hacerse avances al respecto. La conclusión surgida del artículo establece que estos programas de patrocinio nunca serán parte del desarrollo sustentable aunque, si se diseñan bien, pueden contribuir de forma verosímil a la creación de medios de vida complejos en entornos que carecen de programas sociales adecuados.

Revisitando programas de patrocínio às crianças

Os programas de patrocínio às crianças têm sido há muito tempo criticados por suas falhas conceituais e programáticas. Em resposta, as organizações mudaram seus projetos de programa para minimizar os efeitos colaterais negativos, ou até mesmo deixaram de fornecer em geral apoio direto a crianças individualmente. Este artigo apresenta a evolução de programas de patrocínio; discute as vantagens e desvantagens de métodos atuais de patrocínio individual; e avalia como o progresso pode ser possível. Ele conclui que tais programas de patrocínio nunca atingirão o desenvolvimento sustentável mas, se forem bem elaborados, podem oferecer uma contribuição confiável a meios de subsistência complexos em ambientes que não possuem redes de segurança adequadas.     

Post-FTO Performance Evaluations of Rookie Police Officers

Abstract

The literature surrounding the Field Training Officer (FTO) program examines how police recruits navigate post-academy on-the-job training, the reactions these novices have, and how these fledgling officers assess their training experience. Absent from this literature is any consideration of how new officers perform after graduation from the FTO program. The present study examines 347 monthly evaluations issued by immediate supervisors for 66 rookies at the Tallahassee (FL) Police Department. An analysis of scores registered in 18 areas over the first six months after FTO completion determines that race and sex of the sergeant and officer exhibit a statistical influence on grading practices. While these effects do not appear to taint the transition from probationary to full employment status, long-term ramifications are explored.     

Liberalisation,Multinational Enterprises and Export Performance: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing

This article tests two empirical hypotheses: one, MNE affiliates perform distinctly better than their local counterparts in the export markets in a globalised economy, and two, the MNE affiliates have greater comparative advantages in high-tech than in low- and medium-tech industries. Tobit estimates of a large data set of Indian manufacturing firms for the late 1990s provide relatively weak support to the first hypothesis. A disaggregated industry-group-wise analysis indicates that MNE affiliates perform no better than their local counterparts in high-tech industries. Thus, even with a higher level of integration with the global economy in the 1990s India appears to have failed in attracting efficiency-seeking FDI on a significant scale, particularly in high-tech industries. R&D and efficiency of manpower emerge as two significant determinants of international competitiveness in technology-based sectors (high- and medium-high tech sectors). Imports of raw materials enhance the export competitiveness of firms in all industry groups. Finally, large firms are found to be more export oriented, implying the need for creating large flagship companies in the country.     

犯罪征兆信息评估与预警研究

防控犯罪是一个复杂的系统工程,其中的关键环节之一是掌握犯罪征兆信息。犯罪通常是有征兆可察的,犯罪征兆可通过信息提前感知。为有效扼制和减少我国社会转型期犯罪高发的态势,亟待研究探索一种利用犯罪征兆信息运算评估的定量结果来开展预警的简便实用方法,使公安实战部门能通过对犯罪征兆信息的甄别、分析和评估,超前预判可能面临的风险和危害,明确防控重点,合理配置防控力量,实现及时预警。     

《使民主运转起来》的研究方法分析

罗伯特·帕特南等人于1993出版的《使民主运转起来》是最近十余年来政治文化研究领域少有的经典之作。他们的研究不仅打开了公民社会与社会资本研究的大门,开拓了制度绩效研究的新思路,而且将阿尔蒙德开创的政治文化实证研究方法推到了一个新高度。尽管帕特南等人的研究方法也受到了一些批评,但他们的研究思路和方法无疑具有重要的启发价值,因而有必要对其进行地系统地分析和评估。     

我国证券投资基金定投回报效应分析

基金定投是中国金融市场较为常见的一种投资模式。本文试图在对基金的收益率、风险衡量和风险调整的基金绩效指标的研究成果和方法论基础上,通过运用符合基金定投性质的时间调整和权重调整等方法,寻求检验基金定投的收益和风险消散优势。     

日本医疗诉讼改革及对鉴定结论的评价

自2002年以来,日本针对医疗诉讼中鉴定人选任困难、鉴定结论提出期间长、证据价值不高、法院对鉴定结论等医学证据难以作出评价等长期存在的问题,对医疗诉讼体制作出了重大改革。鉴于我国医疗诉讼中也存在类似问题,本文对日本法的改革措施以及效果展开详细考察,以供我国参考借鉴。     

Tippins and Wittman Revisited: Law,Social Science,and the Role of the Child Custody Expert 14 Years Later

It has been 14 years since Tippins and Wittmann ( 2005 ) voiced concern for the overreaching role the expert may play in matters of family law. This article sets their levels of inference within the context of the culture of both law and social science. We examine how inferences are impacted by the relative emphasis child custody experts give to the five stakeholders involved in child custody evaluations (CCEs): courts, lawyers, parents, children, and professional governing bodies. Acculturation of the assessor to law contributes to more egregious inferences, versus the more modest ones Tippins and Wittmann advocated. How evaluators prioritize stakeholders shapes their opinion and methodology. We offer an expanded perspective that views how their levels of inference are manifest in reports, methodology, and recommendations and the influence of the culture of law and the mindset of the clinician. We hope to encourage clinicians to find ways to operationalize clinical humility, assume their proper role, and remain true to their master identity as licensed mental health professionals and their proper sphere of authority.     

Research Progress on Function Evaluation Standard and Method of Lower Extremity ImpairmentCSCD

The lower extremity impairment can be caused by illness, accident, work-related injury, traffic accident and fighting, etc. The injuries of lower extremity joint, nerve, muscle and tendon may lead to lower extremity dysfunction. So far, there is no unified standard for international and domestic function evaluation of lower extremity impairment, the evaluation standards in the same field are also different, and function evaluation of lower extremity impairment has no complete research system. However, the degree of lower extremity impairment has great influence on personal damage compensation. Therefore, the function evaluation of lower extremity impairment often becomes a dispute issue in forensic medicine identification. This article summarizes the function evaluation standards, methods and status quo of lower extremity impairment, so as to provide a new insight into the research on standardization of lower extremity impairment. © 2018 by the Editorial Department of Journal of Forensic Medicine.     

全面实施素质教育 推动公安教育改革

大力开展素质教育是跨入21世纪公安工作的客观要求,而德育是公安素质教育的核心,创新能力与实践能力的培养是其重点,课程、教材、教法和考试配套改革是其基础工作,师资队伍建设是其成败的关键。只有全面实施素质教育,推动公安教育改革,才能使公安教育适应公安工作的需要,培养出高素质的人才。