司法鉴定基础理论研究

司法鉴定是指在诉讼过程中,由司法机关指派或当事人委托具有专门知识的人对诉讼中的专门性事实问题做出断定的一种活动。它具有法律性、科学性和主观性三个基本特征。人类认识能力的非至上性是司法鉴定的认识论基础;多元价值的冲突与平衡是司法鉴定的价值论基础;社会分工的精细是司法鉴定的社会学基础;科学技术的发展是司法鉴定的自然科学基础。司法鉴定既有保障案件真实发现的工具价值,又承载着实现公正和效率的程序价值。司法鉴定在延伸裁判者对专门事实的认识能力和补强其它证据的证明力上发挥着重要功能。司法鉴定的三个基本构成要素是:鉴定人、鉴定结论和鉴定程序,因此系统、科学、完善的司法鉴定制度应当围绕这三个方面进行构建。     

构建社会主义和谐社会先要奠定"平安社区"根基

和谐社会建立在"平安社区"基础之上,和谐的大社会由众多平安的小社区组成.构建社会主义和谐社会,既需要抓住当前深入推进"平安建设"的有利契机,大力开展"平安社区"的创建活动;还要通过修订评价标准、落实创建责任、创新打造举措来提高"平安社区"的质量,从而为构建社会主义和谐社会奠定"平安社区"根基.     

A critical understanding of good governance and leadership concepts written in the context of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) and the challenges to contextual discourse on Africa's development paradigms1

ABSTRACT

Good governance is a value-laden concept that is characteristically nebulous; it can mean different things to different people, depending on the context in which it is used. The same applies to leadership. Concepts, as Pauw (1999a, 465) puts it, are ‘tools of thinking’ and contexts are ‘the environments or frameworks in which they [concepts] operate’. Lucidity in the meanings of concepts is fundamentally important for shaping debate and enriching discourses. To maintain their power, concepts must be used in their proper contexts. This necessitates an understanding of the art of contextual discourse. Good governance is used in NEPAD as a principle and emphasised as a sine qua non for sustainable development in Africa. On the other hand, NEPAD premises Africa's re-birth or Renaissance on good governance and leadership, with a vision and commitment to repositioning the continent in global power balances. In this article good governance and leadership are considered as concepts. NEPAD is a textual context within which the two key concepts are used and should, consequently, be engaged. The article attempts a critical review of African scholarship engagement with good governance and leadership within the NEPAD context to determine the extent to which contextual discourse is practised. It further grapples with the immediate historical background to scholarship on Africa's development between the 1960s and early 1990s. The exercise reveals that much of the accumulated body of African scholarship and scholarship on Africa's development reviewed does not suffciently contextualise discourse on good governance and leadership within NEPAD, and its key assessment and monitoring device, the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM), and offers an alternative framework.     

中国古代证据制度的思想基础及特点分析

以中华法系为代表的中国古代法制文明在世界法律史中占有重要地位,也是中国古代文明的体现。法律制度的设计必须与其所处的经济、社会制度与环境相适应．古代中国法律体现了这点．作为法律制度一部分、对于事实的认定、纠纷的解决具有重要影响的证据制度也是如此。中国古代证据制度在设计及实施过程中受到了古代哲学、伦理观念、心理学等因素的影响,同时也与当时的生产力水平相适应。中国古代证据制度具有与西方不同的特征。这与中国古代对人的重视、以儒家为主导的哲学观念、当时的生产力水平以及家法宗族的统治密切相关。