The Demise of Tax Credits

Introduced in the late 1990s, tax credits grew under successive Labour governments to become a cornerstone of UK social policy. Distinguished from traditional welfare policies by their target group and their mode of administration, and with goals that appeared capable of commanding support across the ideological spectrum, tax credits until recently seemed to hold the key to tackling poverty in a politically popular manner. But since 2010 the tax credit system has been systematically dismantled, initially qualitatively and latterly also quantitatively. This paper discusses the multiple factors that help to explain the rapid fall from grace in the UK of this liberal approach to supporting the incomes of poor working households.     

城市社区自治背景下的社区警务建设研究

社区治理是社会管理的＂神经末梢＂,是社会管理创新的原点,更是社区警务的着力点。社区警务制度的实践与发展,需要培育、引导、扶持社区居民与组织进行自我管理、自我服务、自我教育、自我监督,形成与之相适应的＂合作参与,群防群治＂的社区自治格局,构建管理有序、服务完善、文明祥和的社会生活共同体。     

Confidence in the police: Balancing public image with community safety – A comparative review of the literature

Examining the evolution of British and Australian policing, this comparative review of the literature considers the historical underpinnings of policing in these two countries and the impact of community legitimacy derived from the early concepts of policing by consent. Using the August 2011 disorder in Britain as a lens, this paper considers whether, in striving to maintain community confidence, undue emphasis is placed on the police's public image at the expense of community safety. Examining the path of policing reform, the impact of bureaucracy on policing and the evolving debate surrounding police performance, this review suggests that, while largely delivering on the ideal of an ethical and strong police force, a preoccupation with self-image may in fact result in tarnishing the very thing British and Australian police forces strive to achieve – their standing with the public. This paper advocates for a more realistic goal of gaining public respect rather than affection in order to achieve the difficult balance between maintaining trust and respect as an approachable, ethical entity providing firm, confident policing in this ever-evolving, modern society.     

Part-time Jobs,Delinquency and Victimization Among Finnish Adolescents

Among lay people as well as among scholars it is sometimes assumed that adolescent work deters juvenile delinquency. In contrast, existing research suggests that there is a positive association between adolescent parttime work and delinquency. This study assesses this claim and examines in a nationally representative sample of 15-16-yearold Finnish adolescents ( n = 4347), the association between work during the school year and self-reported delinquency and victimization, and explore whether the possible associations are general or based on some subcategory of delinquent behaThere viour/victimization. The results of multivariate analyses indicate that intensive weekly working is significantly positively associated with delinquent behaviour. When gender, disposable allowances and various factors suggested by control, strain and differential association theories were controlled for, intensive work (10 hours or more remained a significant predictor of the following types of delinquency: beating up someone, driving without licence, buying stolen goods, vandalism at school and drunken driving. Intensive workers' likelihood of committing these acts were about two to per week) three times as high as nonworkers' likelihood of committing such acts. Intensive work was related to victimization only in bivariate models, suggesting that the work-victimization association does not reflect direct causation. In conclusion, intensive work appears to increase delinquent activity slightly. Although we do not argue that work is a major cause of delinquency in adolescence, we suggest caution against encouraging intensive work during the school year.     

团体心理辅导在基层部队心理工作中的应用

团体心理辅导是心理咨询的是一种方式,经过多年的实践,已在全国学校、社区和医院等人员相对集中的场所推广使用,近年来在部队心理工作中运用,取得了较好的效果。本文就团体心理辅导在基层部队中运用的优越性、具体操作方法、采取方式以及所产生的效果进行阐述,探讨团体心理辅导在基层部队心理工作中的应用。     

地理空间预测模型在以情报为导向的警务工作中的应用——以美国新泽西情报运作中心为例

构建地理空间预测模型是指根据犯罪分子有意识或无意识选择的喜好的空间信息,把成百上千个地理空间因素融合在一起,形成统计偏好相似性的地理空间模型。构建地理空间预测模型是以情报为导向的警务工作中所运用的一种新兴工作方法,是一种更为积极主动的预防犯罪的方法。     

当代警务理念变革与公安服务模式创新

社会的发展必然引起警务理念的变革。＂安全被＂与安全治理的警务思维是当代警务理念发展的新趋势。在＂义乌公安经验＂改革模式中,存在着符合当代警务理念发展趋势的一些做法,要在总结实践经验的基础上,建立＂安全被＂式的多元化安全治理目标模式。     

对公安院校警务英语课程设置的再思考

公安院校在外语教育上应以学生的综合素质和实际工作能力培养为导向,研究制定科学合理的课程设置,优化课程模块,遵循语言教学原则,制定人才培养目标,以此创立具有公安特色的警务英语学科。     

生物识别技术在警务工作中的应用

为了维护社会治安的正常秩序,警务工作要建立有效社会控制机制,应用生物识别技术防范及处置影响社会稳定的案件和事件。生物识别技术发展迅速,在警务工作应用广泛。