Participation in Extracurricular Activities in the Middle School Years: Are There Developmental Benefits for African American and European American Youth?

In this study, we examined the associations between organized activity participation during early adolescence and adjustment in a large and economically diverse sample of African American and European American youth. The sample included 1,047 youth (51% female and 49% male and 67% African American and 33% European American). We used analysis of covariance techniques to examine links between participation in 8th grade school clubs, school sports teams, and out of school recreational activities and adjustment at 8th and 11th grade, controlling for a set of self-selection factors measured at 7th grade prior to activity involvement. Organized activity participation was associated with higher than expected grades, school value (i.e. perception of importance of school for the future), self-esteem, resiliency, and prosocial peers, and lower than expected risky behavior, though the pattern of findings differed by activity context, outcome, and time point. In a few of the models, the relation between activity participation and adjustment varied by gender, race, and socioeconomic status.

试析使用基层公安领导人才正效应的消减及成因

使用好公安基层领导人才,是公安队伍第一线建设的重要环节,是调动公安人才积极性的重要手段,使他们被激发出以在新的更广阔的公安实践平台上继续努力、再创佳绩的积极性和良好的精神状态为表现形式的使用公安基层领导人才的正效应.但现实中,这种正效应的理想值与实际值常常差距过大,未能预期地达到使用公安基层领导人才之目的.这是公安人才资源的隐性损耗.对这种正效应的消减因素及成因进行分析,可给公安用人者用好公安基层领导人才以启示.     

法经济学范式研究及其理论阐释

在某种意义上说 ,法经济学的产生实际上掀起了一场法学研究范式的持久性革命。本文具体讨论了法经济学的范式基础 ,逐次分析了法经济学研究的基本假设、基本方法、基本范畴和基本定理。本文总结了法经济学的一般理论框架 ,包括法律成本效益理论、法律市场理论、法律供求理论和法律均衡理论 ,进而就法律均衡的意义和评价标准进行了论证。本文最后提出了法经济学研究的可能性及其限度问题 ,即在于尽可能得出一个关于法经济学研究的客观的和科学的结论。余论在简要回顾了法经济学在中国大陆的兴起的历史背景和实际状况之后 ,提出了中国法经济学的可能贡献的问题。     

Identification and analysis of human remains recovered from wells from the 1991 War in Croatia

From 1996 to the present, the remains of 61 individuals killed during the 1991 War in Croatia were recovered from both dried out and functioning wells. Positive identification was established in 60.7% or 37/61 cases. Remains recovered from the same geographical region but from non-well settings were identified in 77.4% or 1256/1623 cases. The purpose of this paper is to report on the taphonomic, demographic and trauma characteristics of remains recovered from wells and identify factors responsible for the discrepancy in the identification ratios. The age and sex distributions in the well and non-well series were similar, as were the frequencies of recovered personal documents, jewelry and other artifacts. The taphonomic features of the remains were, however, significantly different. Preservation of remains was considerably better in non-well settings (1400/1623 or 86.3% compared to 40/61 or 65.5% in wells). Congruently, commingling of remains was more frequent in wells (26/61 or 42.6% compared to 77/1623 or 4.7% in non-well settings). In bodies recovered from non-well settings the preservation, state and commingling of the remains were strongly correlated with positive identification. None of these features were correlated with the identification of bodies from wells. Instead, identification of remains from wells was significantly affected by the presence or absence of water in the well. As both series have similar frequencies, and identical rankings of identification factors, the reason for the discrepancy in the identification ratios lies in the fact that by themselves, these factors were rarely sufficient for positive identification. In both series the majority of identifications (51.4% in the well, and 58.1% in the non-well series) were established through a combination of biological and non-biological features. The significantly lower identification ratio in the well series resulted from the difficult recovery conditions in wells with significant amounts of water, and the negative effect that water had on the preservation of clothing, personal artifacts and some dental features. Significant differences were also noted in the types and locations of perimortem traumas. There is a significantly higher frequency of entrance gunshot wounds to the back of the head, suggestive of execution style murders, in the well series.     

Participation in Youth Programs as a Catalyst for Negotiation of Family Autonomy with Connection

Current research and theory suggest that the healthy path of autonomy development involves gradual negotiation of adolescents’ independence within a context of continued family connection. This theory-generating study examined the role that adolescents’ participation in youth programs plays in these adolescent-parent negotiations. Qualitative data from high-school-aged youth in 12 programs and from a sub-sample of parents were analyzed employing methods of grounded theory. These analyses suggest that program participation provides a pathway of opportunities for youth to exercise individual choice and develop qualities of self-reliance with parental approval. In turn, parents’ observation of self-reliance in the program and youth's demonstration of these qualities in family interactions can lead to changes in adolescent-parent relationships that provide youth greater family autonomy with connection.

我国经济适用房有限产权制度的法经济学分析

经济适用房有限产权制度是导致经济适用房制度在实施过程中产生诸多弊端的根本原因。在法学意义上,有限产权是一种不完整的产权,产权主体、收益权、处分权以及取得的对价等均受限制。在经济学意义上,有限产权是一种被削弱的产权,排他性和可交易性都受到限制。从法律经济学的视角分析,有限产权的这种安排不仅导致了交易费用的上升,也阻碍了经济适用房外部性内在化的进程。因此,必须对经济适用房的产权关系进行重新界定,才能更好地发挥经济适用房的功能。     

试论人的全面发展——以释放消费潜力为视角

人的全面发展包括能力、社会关系、个性与人的消费需求等方面的发展。中国当前的消费需求潜力巨大,但有待释放。由于各地经济社会发展不平衡,消费者的潜力释放受一系列体制和结构性矛盾的制约,直接影响人的全面发展。因此,释放巨大的消费潜力是人的全面发展的动力,而人的全面发展又是释放消费潜力、促进经济结构优化的目的,二者相辅相成,形成良性循环。     

Off-farm work and food security status of farming households in Ghana

This study assessed the effect of participation in off-farm work on the food security status of farming households in the Northern Region of Ghana. Primary data were solicited from 324 farming households in the Tamale metropolis and Tolon district using semi-structured questionnaires. The treatment effects of both income and food security status were estimated using propensity score matching and double-robust methods. The empirical results suggest that participation in off-farm activities increased household daily calorie consumption. These results have implications for the development of off-farm ventures for the benefit of the farming households.     

Socio-economic dynamics in slums and implications for sanitation sustainability in Kisumu,Kenya

Lack of sanitation facilities is a major challenge in slum areas, and this has implications on the health and well-being of residents. Sanitation in slums is complex due to slum living conditions, and a detailed understanding of dynamics in slums and how they impact sanitation is required. This study sought to understand the relationship between socio-economic dynamics, and sanitation provision and management in the slums of Kisumu, Kenya. The results indicate a mix of social, cultural, economic, tenancy, and relationship dynamics, all of which influence sanitation provision and management. The article calls for collaboration among various stakeholders and the use of local knowledge dissemination approaches.     

为什么"需要"干预?

经济法是调整需要由公权干预的经济关系的法律规范。作为“治病”之法 ,要求干预机构及经济法学者正视市场体制中的病 ,不同情形和不同阶段下会产生不同种类的病及不同程度的病情 ,这对治病对策的要求是不同的。这使经济法呈现出“变化性”的主要特征 ,这种变化不仅表现为具体制度的变化 ,还可能表现为深层的经济法理念的变化。经济法作为后起之法 ,与前法的衔接是其责任 ,而衔接区域并非固定 ,它的动态性导致公权干预范围、方式、程度的变迁。需要干预论中“需要”一词的采用既能因此基于“干预”一词而对经济法的范畴作出必要的修正 ,又能动态地使经济法回应经济和社会情势的变迁 ,还可凸显经济法创立和变迁时尤其需要的法经济学工具的重要性