Creating markets in no-trust environments: The law and economics of smart contracts

Smart contracts, self-executing agreements based on blockchain technology, have the capacity to create trust in what we term no-trust contracting environments. We argue that using them in such environments is the path to unleash the full potential of smart contracts. Compared to the contract enforcement mechanisms characterized by traditional contract law or relational contracts, smart contracts can offer a superior solution for facilitating trade.Several lawyers and economists have debated whether smart contracts might offer the prospect of cheaper, faster and better transactions. As we discuss below, contract law scholars caution that they neither replicate the relational context essential for the day-to-day practice of contracting nor offer a superior solution to problems addressed by traditional contract law, such as contract validity and legality. We clarify and systematize the current thinking on the legal nature and reliability of smart contracts, and address the concerns of contract law scholars. While doing that, we suggest a step forward in characterizing contracting environments, contract enforcement mechanisms and the trust relationship underlying contracts.     

Trauma Resilience Training for Police: Psychophysiological and Performance Effects

The objective of this study is to test the effects of police trauma resilience training on stress and performance during a critical incident police work simulation. Rookie police officers (N = 18) participated in a randomized trial of a 10-week imagery and skills training program versus training as usual. Twelve months later, psychophysiological stress and police work performance were assessed during a live critical incident simulation. Training resulted in significantly less negative mood, less heart rate reactivity, a larger increase in antithrombin, and better police performance compared to controls. Trends for cortisol and self-reported stress also suggested benefits of training. This novel training program is a promising paradigm for improving police well-being, stress resiliency, and optimizing job performance.     

Nomination rules and the calculus of mobilization: Theory and evidence from Mexico

Does party organization shape candidates’ electoral mobilization efforts? I develop a novel theoretical account linking candidate selection rules to electoral mobilization. Nomination rules that require aspiring candidates to compete in electoral races, such as primary elections, create incentives for them to make considerable investments in order to win the party’s nomination. Using a decision-theoretic model, I show how these initial investments at the nomination stage shape the candidates’ mobilization expenditures in the general election. The main theoretical result establishes that primaries increase candidates’ mobilization efforts only when the general election is not expected to be competitive; when a close race is expected, candidates mobilize at the same rates regardless of how they were nominated. Analysis of an original dataset on candidate selection and electoral mobilization in Mexico provides strong support for the theory.     

养血清脑颗粒治疗高血压伴随症状的Meta分析

目的 系统评价养血清脑颗粒治疗高血压伴随症状的疗效。方法 采用计算机检索中国知网、万方数据库自建库以来至2013年5月公开发表的与养血清脑颗粒治疗高血压伴随症状相关的随机对照试验（randomized controlled trials, RCTs）,并手工检索相关期刊,对筛选出的文献查找全文,经质量评价最终纳入文献后采用Review Manager 5.0软件进行Meta分析。结果 共纳入10篇文章,共计1 777例患者。Meta分析结果显示：在治疗终点,养血清脑颗粒组高血压伴随头痛、头晕、失眠的疗效优于对照组,有效率的危险比（risk ratio, RR）及其95％可信区间（confidence interval, CI）分别为（RR=1.37;95％ CI：1.27～1.47;P<0.01）、（RR=1.34;95％ CI：1.21～1.48;P<0.01）、（RR=2.20;95％ CI：1.36～3.54;P<0.01）。结论 养血清脑颗粒能显著改善高血压性头痛、头晕、失眠症状,但尚需更多大样本、高质量RCTs进一步验证。     

50例原发性肝癌中医药介入干预状况与生存期关系分析

目的 探讨原发性肝癌中医药介入干预状况与生存期的关系。方法 回顾安徽省立医院中医肿瘤科收治的50例原发性肝癌患者,统计中医药介入干预起点、持续时间及患者生存状况。结果 50例原发性肝癌患者自主选择中医药干预介入治疗时,36例处于D期,4例处于C期,3例处于B期,7例未选择中医药治疗。平均KPS评分为71分;中医药干预时间共323个月,平均干预时间6.46个月;中医药干预起点与患者生存期无相关性（P>0.05）,而中医药干预时长与患者生存期呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论 原发性肝癌患者中医药介入干预时临床分期普遍较晚,生存状况有所下降;中医药干预起点与患者生存期无相关,其干预时长与患者生存期呈正相关。     

滋阴潜阳方对自发性高血压大鼠心肌纤维化相关蛋白表达的影响

目的 观察滋阴潜阳方对自发性高血压大鼠心肌纤维化的作用及其机制。方法 将40只雄性自发性高血压大鼠随机分为模型组,依那普利组,滋阴潜阳方高、低剂量组,每组10只,另取10只Wistar雄性大鼠作为正常组。各给药组分别每日2次、连续灌胃6周给予相应药物;记录各组大鼠血压值,Masson染色观察大鼠心肌组织病理变化,Western blot法检测大鼠心肌组织结缔组织生长因子（connective tissue growth factor,CTGF）、Ⅰ型胶原蛋白（collagenⅠ,Col-Ⅰ）、α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-smooth muscle actin,α-SMA）表达水平,RT-PCR法检测大鼠心肌组织CTGF、Col-Ⅰ、α-SMA mRNA表达水平。结果 与模型组比较,滋阴潜阳方高、低剂量组及依那普利组大鼠收缩压均显著降低（P＜0.05）;滋阴潜阳方高剂量组与依那普利组大鼠心肌组织蓝色心肌胶原纤维明显减少;滋阴潜阳方高剂量组和依那普利组大鼠心肌组织Col-Ⅰ、CTGF、α-SMA蛋白及mRNA表达水平均明显降低（P＜0.05）。结论 滋阴潜阳方能够降低自发性高血压大鼠的血压并抑制其心肌纤维化,其作用机制可能与其抑制心肌成纤维细胞的增殖、转分化有关。     

科学发展观——我国公共政策评估的首要标准

公共政策评估标准是开展公共政策评估的前提。为了更有效、更科学地开展公共政策评估活动,应设立正确的首要标准,以首要标准来统率次要标准。科学发展观标准应当成为我国公共政策评估的首要标准:科学发展观标准是对以往我国公共政策评估标准的纠正和完善;科学发展观标准符合我国社会主义国家公共政策的本质要求;科学发展观标准顺应公共政策的发展趋势。坚持科学发展观作为我国公共政策评估的首要标准能有效提升我国公共政策质量,推进我国社会主义和谐社会建设进程。     

基层检察院检察文化建设路径探析

近年来,检察文化作为一种＂软实力＂的象征,日益成为各级检察机关建设的重要内容,其在提升检察人员综合素质,推动各项检察工作科学发展方面的重要作用也日益凸显。基层检察院承担着检察系统内部大部分的业务工作,是检察文化建设的主力军。加强检察文化建设理论研究,搞清检察文化的定义、体系、重要作用和建设途径,在当前具有十分突出的现实意义。     

US Presidential Elections: Two Centuries of Constitutional Continuity and Political Change—With an Analysis of the Political Geography of Barack Obama's Re‐election Campaign

The system for electing the President of the United States remains essentially as it was prescribed in the Federal Constitution drafted in 1787. The individual 50 states (plus the District of Columbia) are accorded a number of votes in the (so‐called) Electoral College; each state's Electoral College vote is then attributed to the candidate gaining a plurality (most) of the popular vote in that state; and the candidate with a majority (50% + 1) of these aggregated Electoral College votes is declared the incoming president. What has changed have been the methods of nominating the candidates, chief of which are the political parties from the nineteenth century with their stage‐managed quadrennial conventions and the primary/caucus campaigns from the twentieth century which precede and now determine the formal nomination. President Obama's 2012 re‐election campaign showed both the crucial importance of the much‐maligned Electoral College in winning the presidency and the demographic divisions hidden in the larger American political landscape.     

抓好"三基"工程建设探索上海出入境管理工作新思路

随着中国公民出境人数不断攀高,来沪外国人数量不断上升,出入境管理工作和任务更加繁重.上海公安出入境管理部门要以争创"全国文明窗口"为契机,推进"五项基层建设",抓好出入境管理基层工作;要以信息化建设为突破口,夯实"五项基础工作",打牢出入境管理工作基础;要以教育培训为切入点,落实"五项措施",苦练出入境管理基本功.