Differential Ability of Necrophagous Diptera to Colonize Concealed Resources: Empirical Evidence From a Field Experiment in Brazil

Field studies in forensic entomology seem to assume that a cadaver is a resource equally accessible to flies, irrespective of the species’ size, behavior, and sensorial capacity. We aimed to challenge this assumption by experimentally manipulating baited traps in order to test whether the accessibility to decomposing baits is related to the following: (i) the diversity of necrophagous dipterans; (ii) the body size of adults; and (iii) the female sexual maturity stage. The experiment was performed in a rainforest fragment in Northeastern Brazil, in an area characterized by high levels of homicides. Traps baited with decomposing chicken liver had three levels of access: easy (six openings on the trap), intermediate (three), and difficult (one). A total of 750 adults of Calliphoridae, Fanniidae, Muscidae, Phoridae, and Sarcophagidae were collected. Of the 18 species recorded, Megaselia scalaris was the most abundant (46.8%) followed by Lucilia eximia (29.7%) and Chrysomya megacephala (9.8%). The number of species increased significantly with the accessibility level, but overall abundance did not differ, as a consequence of the numerical dominance of M. scalaris. A strong female bias (>91%) was observed in all traps. For Calliphoridae specimens, 90% of the females caught in traps under intermediate and difficult access were sexually mature. By empirically demonstrating that limitation of access and exclusion of visual stimuli do not deter several dipteran species from reaching a substrate, we expand the knowledge on the factors that can shape the colonization of concealed human cadavers, including variables such as insect size and stage of sexual maturity.     

老病新医:近代中国乳腺癌的治疗变革、知识传播与社会认知

乳腺癌是一种女性容易罹患的恶性疾病。在西方医学传入中国之初,外科手术的安全性和疗效有限,中国人"不敢损伤身体"的传统观念影响西医侵入式疗法在中国的推广。传统中医在乳腺肿瘤诊疗方面的悠久历史和丰富经验仍在发挥作用。西医治疗手段要被中国民众接纳,不仅取决于技术本身,还取决于社会文化因素的嬗变,特别是传统身体观念的突破。20世纪30年代后,伴随对"乳房"的关注和各种渠道对于乳腺癌知识的传播,部分民众建立起乳腺癌"早发现,早治疗"的意识。加之手术和放疗技术的发展,西医治疗逐渐为民众接纳。但在中国不同地区,乳腺癌认知和治疗依然呈现巨大差异。近代中国乳腺癌的治疗变革和知识传播接受,为理解当代中国癌症防治的成就和局限提供了历史视角。     

合成大麻素类新精神活性物质AB-CHMINACA的体内与体外代谢研究

目的 通过UPLC-HRMS检测分析体外人肝微粒体模型中合成大麻素类新精神活性物质AB-CHMINACA的代谢物并与一例真实滥用者的尿液样本进行对比,从而对体外人肝微粒体模型预测体内代谢物的一致性进行评价研究.方法 通过建立体外人肝微粒体孵育模型模拟人体体内代谢过程,尿液样本经简单的乙腈沉淀蛋白后利用高分辨质谱(HRM...     

Paan and Gutka Use in the United States

Abstract

Smokeless tobacco and areca nut are popular with South Asians and South Asian immigrants, most commonly used as paan and gutka. Their regular use leads to oral cancer. The South Asian community in the U.S. is rapidly growing, where paan and gutka are readily available. The study was the first exploration of the migration of the paan and gutka habits, and their use in the U.S.

A 108-item questionnaire on paan and gutka usage and beliefs was administered to 138 first-generation Bangladeshi and Indian-Gujarati immigrant adults at community sites in the New York metropolitan area. Forty-five percent Indian-Gujaratis reported ever-regular paan use; of which 5% are current users. Thirty-one percent reported ever-regular gutka use; of which 77% are current users. Thirty-five percent Bangladeshis reported ever-regular paan use; of which 70% are current users. Nine percent reported ever-regular gutka use; of which 67% are current users. Bangladeshis are more likely to identify paan as causing oral cancer. Indian-Gujaratis are more likely to identify gutka as causing oral cancer.

Between the two communities, there were significant differences in paan and gutka usage, migration effects, and oral cancer risk perception. There is a need for comprehensive migration studies on the determinants of usage, and for community-specific interventions for these carcinogenic products.     

基本医疗服务法制化研究

获取基本医疗服务是公民保障生命健康的基本权利,应当通过法律加以明确,使之成为"拟制公共产品"。公共卫生服务与基本医疗服务是两种性质不同的服务,不宜用一部法律来统一规定,因此全国人大《基本医疗卫生保障法》的立法模式是不适宜的,应当单独出台《基本医疗服务法》。政府提供基本医疗服务的范围主要包括基本医疗保险、基本医疗救助、基本药物和基本诊疗项目、基本医疗服务体系和基本医疗设施、基本医疗服务人力。公民的医疗服务请求权可以通过诉讼救济,医疗服务请求诉讼的类型属于行政给付之诉。     

养阴活血法治疗阴虚阳亢型原发性高血压的临床研究

目的:观察养阴活血法治疗阴虚阳亢型原发性高血压的疗效及其对生活质量的影响。方法:55例阴虚阳亢型原发性高血压患者,随机分为治疗组(n=30)和对照组(n=25)。治疗组和对照组均常规服用降血压药,治疗组加用中药,两组患者均连续治疗3周。观察治疗前后血压、临床症状改善情况。结果:治疗后两组血压(收缩压、舒张压)均明显下降,与治疗前比较有显著差异(P<0.05),但组间比较无显著差异(P>0.05);两组患者总有效率比较,差异无显著性(P>0.05);两组治疗后症状积分均明显降低(P<0.01,P<0.05),两组治疗后症状积分比较,差异有显著性(P<0.01),两组治疗前后症状疗效比较,治疗组总有效率为94.0%,优于对照组的72.0%,差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论:养阴活血法治疗阴虚阳亢型原发型高血压有改善临床症状的作用,能提高原发性高血压患者生活质量。     

GC／MS法分析被焚烧人体内脏组织中的氯氮平

目的建立GC/MS分析被焚烧人体内脏组织中氯氮平的方法。方法采用试管超声提取、三氯甲烷浸提苯溶解、过柱净化的方法,以岛津QP5050ADB-5MS石英毛细柱分析结果。结果成功检出被焚烧人体内脏组织中氯氮平成分。结论该方法操作简单,准确可靠,适用于中毒及临床药物观察。     

血和肝脏检材保存条件对氰化物浓度的影响

研究了大白鼠血液和肝脏检材保存时间及保存温度对氰化物浓度的影响。研究表明，保存168h，保存温度4℃，血液和肝脏检材中的氰化物含量变化很小；保存温度25℃，血液和肝脏险材中的氰化物浓度随时间延长而上升，肝脏检材中氰化物浓度在168h为4h的1．17倍。4h染毒组大白鼠氰化物浓度血中比肝脏中高2．3倍，证实了氰化物在体内分布的差异性。     

樗白皮提取物对小白鼠体内黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究樗白皮提取物对小白鼠机体内黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)活性的影响,将实验动物分为5、10、30 g/kg樗白皮提取物灌喂组和正常对照组,对各组动物血清、脾、肝中XOD活性进行了测定。结果,10 g/kg樗白皮提取物能够降低小白鼠血清、脾、肝组织中的XOD活性,30 g/kg樗白皮提取物能提高上述各组织中的XOD活性,5 g/kg樗白皮提取物组小白鼠组织中的XOD活性接近正常对照组。结果表明,不同剂量的樗白皮提取物对小白鼠体内XOD活性的作用不同,低剂量时具有抗氧化作用,高剂量时表现为促氧化作用。     

氨基胍对内毒素血症肉鸡肝自由基损伤的影响

为了探讨自由基在肉鸡内毒素血症发病机理中的作用,将90只30日龄的肉鸡,公母各半,随机分为生理盐水对照组(A组)、内毒素注射组(B组)和氨基胍治疗组(C组),每组30只。分别在试验后第1、3、5、7和9 h每组各宰杀6只,提取肝组织,检测肝组织中的总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化。结果显示,内毒素血症时肝组织中SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性降低,MDA含量明显升高,肝组织中T-AOC下降,而氨基胍治疗组的情况明显好转。证实,由自由基增多而引起的脂质过氧化损伤在肉鸡内毒素血症发病机理中起着重要的作用,氨基胍可有效降低脂质过氧化造成的损伤。