Creating markets in no-trust environments: The law and economics of smart contracts

Smart contracts, self-executing agreements based on blockchain technology, have the capacity to create trust in what we term no-trust contracting environments. We argue that using them in such environments is the path to unleash the full potential of smart contracts. Compared to the contract enforcement mechanisms characterized by traditional contract law or relational contracts, smart contracts can offer a superior solution for facilitating trade.Several lawyers and economists have debated whether smart contracts might offer the prospect of cheaper, faster and better transactions. As we discuss below, contract law scholars caution that they neither replicate the relational context essential for the day-to-day practice of contracting nor offer a superior solution to problems addressed by traditional contract law, such as contract validity and legality. We clarify and systematize the current thinking on the legal nature and reliability of smart contracts, and address the concerns of contract law scholars. While doing that, we suggest a step forward in characterizing contracting environments, contract enforcement mechanisms and the trust relationship underlying contracts.     

The Difficult Task of Diagnosing Prostate Cancer Metastases on Dry Bone

The interpretation of pathology on skeletal remains is mandatory for implementing the biological profile and for disease recognition. Prostate cancer is one of the most common tumors, with a high preference for the skeleton as a primary site of metastasis. Its diagnosis on bone is however still ambiguous, due to its “osteoblastic” and resorptive manifestation. This study investigates distribution and appearance of prostate cancer metastases on dry bone on six known cases (selected from the Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection) and one healthy individual. A macroscopic inspection was performed highlighting the abnormalities observed, describing location, shape, dimension, and aspect. A great amount of proliferative and mixed lesions was noticed, but also cases of pure lytic lesions were displayed. The multiple appearances of the manifestations observed display the difficulty in correctly identifying such a pathology, but also the potential and advantages provided by investigating a study sample with known antemortem history.     

Trauma Resilience Training for Police: Psychophysiological and Performance Effects

The objective of this study is to test the effects of police trauma resilience training on stress and performance during a critical incident police work simulation. Rookie police officers (N = 18) participated in a randomized trial of a 10-week imagery and skills training program versus training as usual. Twelve months later, psychophysiological stress and police work performance were assessed during a live critical incident simulation. Training resulted in significantly less negative mood, less heart rate reactivity, a larger increase in antithrombin, and better police performance compared to controls. Trends for cortisol and self-reported stress also suggested benefits of training. This novel training program is a promising paradigm for improving police well-being, stress resiliency, and optimizing job performance.     

固相萃取--紫外导数光谱法测定肝中心得安含量

文章给出了肝中心得安的固相萃取--紫外导数光谱法.肝中心得安用GDX403树脂吸附然后用甲醇洗脱,用二阶紫外导数光谱测定心得安的含量.该法简便快速,方法的回收率和检出限分别为80.6%±3.4%和1.8μg/g.     

Nomination rules and the calculus of mobilization: Theory and evidence from Mexico

Does party organization shape candidates’ electoral mobilization efforts? I develop a novel theoretical account linking candidate selection rules to electoral mobilization. Nomination rules that require aspiring candidates to compete in electoral races, such as primary elections, create incentives for them to make considerable investments in order to win the party’s nomination. Using a decision-theoretic model, I show how these initial investments at the nomination stage shape the candidates’ mobilization expenditures in the general election. The main theoretical result establishes that primaries increase candidates’ mobilization efforts only when the general election is not expected to be competitive; when a close race is expected, candidates mobilize at the same rates regardless of how they were nominated. Analysis of an original dataset on candidate selection and electoral mobilization in Mexico provides strong support for the theory.     

中药富硒酵母对闽中麻鸡肝和小肠细微结构的影响

选择1日龄闽中麻鸡396只,随机分为4组,A组饲喂玉米-豆粕型基础日粮,B组、C组、D组在基础日粮中分别添加2、3、4 g/kg的中药富硒酵母,试验为期49 d,研究了日粮中添加中药富硒酵母对闽中麻鸡肝和小肠发育的影响.于第7、21、35、49 d每组随机抽取6只鸡,采取肝和小肠各段,Bouin液固定,制作石蜡切片,光镜观察;第49 d取A组和D组的肝和空肠,25 mL/L戊二醛固定,制作超薄切片,电镜观察.结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组肝的平均质量和器官指数大多高于对照组;肝细胞线粒体增多增大,枯否氏细胞内溶酶体增多;小肠绒毛和肠腺长于A组;空肠柱状细胞的微绒毛增长.证实,基础日粮中添加中药富硒酵母能促进鸡肝和小肠的发育,改善肝细胞和小肠黏膜的细微结构.     

Untimely Economies of Survival

This article takes the recent turn against hope in breast cancer activism as a point of entry into a broader examination of speculative economies of science that creatively imagine, materialize, and manage futures in the present. It argues that untimeliness – anticipatory, simultaneous, porous, and prognostic in its articulation – captures these alternate arrangements of life and action as they are mobilized in cancer research that hails healthy women as experimental subjects to participate in clinical studies.     

新藤黄酸对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450亚型酶活性的影响

目的 采用“Cocktail”探针药物法考察新藤黄酸对大鼠肝微粒体细胞色素P450(cytochrome P450,CYP450)亚型酶活性的影响。 方法 将新藤黄酸与6种亚型酶(CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1、CYP3A4)对应的特异性混合探针药茶碱、双氯芬酸钠、奥美拉唑、右美沙芬、氯唑沙宗和咪达唑仑与大鼠肝微粒体孵育,采用高效液相色谱法同时检测肝微粒体中6种探针底物的相对酶活性并计算其半抑制浓度（half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50）。 结果 不同浓度新藤黄酸作用后大鼠肝微粒体CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP2E1和CYP3A4酶活性相比较,差异均具有统计学意义,且随着新藤黄酸的浓度增高,各种酶的活性呈现明显的降低趋势。通过抑制曲线计算得到新藤黄酸对CYP2C19、CYP2D6、CYP3A4的IC50值分别为4.18、45.61、10.02 μmol/L,对CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP2E1的IC50值均大于100 μmol/L。 结论 新藤黄酸对CYP2C19酶活性有中等抑制作用,对CYP3A4酶活性有弱抑制作用,但对CYP1A2、CYP2C9、CYP2D6、CYP2E1酶活性没有抑制作用。     

50例原发性肝癌中医药介入干预状况与生存期关系分析

目的 探讨原发性肝癌中医药介入干预状况与生存期的关系。方法 回顾安徽省立医院中医肿瘤科收治的50例原发性肝癌患者,统计中医药介入干预起点、持续时间及患者生存状况。结果 50例原发性肝癌患者自主选择中医药干预介入治疗时,36例处于D期,4例处于C期,3例处于B期,7例未选择中医药治疗。平均KPS评分为71分;中医药干预时间共323个月,平均干预时间6.46个月;中医药干预起点与患者生存期无相关性（P>0.05）,而中医药干预时长与患者生存期呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。结论 原发性肝癌患者中医药介入干预时临床分期普遍较晚,生存状况有所下降;中医药干预起点与患者生存期无相关,其干预时长与患者生存期呈正相关。     

仙龙解毒饮加减治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌临床研究

目的 通过分析仙龙解毒饮加减治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌的临床资料,为其临床应用提供依据。方法 将98例中晚期非小细胞肺癌患者采用随机数字表法分为观察组（54例）和对照组（44例）。对照组仅给予常规治疗,观察组给予仙龙解毒饮加减联合常规治疗,比较两组患者生存期变化和预后相关因素。结果 观察组中位生存期为10.24个月,对照组中位生存期为6.98个月。COX回归模型多因素分析显示肿瘤分期及仙龙解毒饮加减治疗是影响中晚期非小细胞肺癌患者预后的独立因素（P＜0.05）;而性别、年龄不是影响预后的独立因素（P＞0.05）。结论 仙龙解毒饮加减治疗中晚期非小细胞肺癌能有效延长患者生存期,改善预后。