Social Constructionism and Criminology: Traditions,Problems and Possibilities

Over the last twenty years, the prison system, border controls, crime prevention programmes, anti‐terror measures and private security companies have expanded within Europe. This article discusses some of the implications. It will be argued that we are witnessing a paradigmatic shift in the manner in which state‐sanctioned force is employed. The distinction between what is criminal, to be dealt with by the justice system, and what creates a ‘perception of security’—formerly to be dealt with by social policy—is being eroded at both macro‐ (‘war on terror’) and micro‐ (‘public order’) levels. The rule of law is giving way to a security mentality, where force is employed on the basis of risk assessments. Social problems are re‐interpreted as security threats, and met with measures recreating the original threats. This gives the policy field a distinctive rationality of its own.     

The European Union Faced With the Challenges of Food Safety： Solutions Proposed in the Framework of the Common Agricultural Policy （CAP） and Strategies of the Actors Concerned

Within the framework of Common Agricultural Policy （CAP）, how has the European Union （EU） responded to new challenges emerging at the end of the last century？ The overall picture shows that the process of improving health conditions includes various players. The overall objectives of the CAP are specified in Article 39 of the Treaty of Rome： to increase agricultural productivity and ensure a fair standard of living for the agricultural community. The word ＂security＂ here refers to the stability of supply. The first major reform came in 1992, linked to the Uruguay Round Cycle of initial responses to consumes expectations regarding food safety and the prevention of health risks. The centrepiece of EU food policy, European Food Safety Authority （EFSA） is consumed with all maters effecting food safety, nutrition, animal health and welfare, and plant health. The controversy around the need for reforms and their implementation has featured prominently in the public debate. The paper analyzes these debates by drawing on scientific studies carried out by multidisciplinary laboratories.     

北京市食品安全监管完善对策研究

国以民为本,民以食为天,食以安为先。北京市自2007年颁布《北京市食品安全条例》以来,其食品安全监管能力得到显著提高,管理体制日趋优化,法制体系渐行完备,但随着2009年《食品安全法》和《侵权责任法》的颁布,该条例已现滞后,许多方面需要加以修正与完善,这主要包括监管模式的迁变、执法理念的修正、源头监管的侧重、信息公示的完善、信用监管的确立、社会监管的激励、追溯系统的构建等。     

作为规制工具的成本收益分析——以美国的理论与实践为例

成本收益分析是美国行政法上一项行之有效的规制影响分析工具。在当代行政法中有效运用成本收益分析,不仅可以起到提高资源配置效率、优化行政规制的作用,而且还能提升现代行政的合法性。通过考察相关案例可以发现,美国司法审查对成本收益分析的态度是一个从否定到肯定的渐进过程,经历了从如果国会法律没有明确规定,行政机关就不能使用,到如果国会法律没有明确规定,行政机关可以不使用,再到如果国会法律没有明确禁止,行政机关就能使用的变化过程。成本与收益的计算可以通过市场评估法和非市场评估法予以确定。美国行政法上的成本收益分析在质疑与批判中不断发展完善。     

核安全独立监管的路径选择

提高核安全水平需要强化核安全监管的独立性。核安全监管独立性的本质是核安全监管机构能够在不受其他主体的不当影响下就核安全相关问题做出决定,并有能力履行规定的核安全监管职责。核安全独立监管的法理基础是核安全问题的专业性要求、政监分离的原则和监管政策稳定性的需求。核安全监管机构根据其设置模式主要分为与传统行政部门合并的核安全监管机构、隶属于传统行政部门的核安全监管机构和独立于传统行政部门的核安全监管机构。核安全监管机构的独立性是一个相对概念。提高我国核安全监管机构的独立性,需要制定核安全法明确其法律地位,规定其统一行使核安全监管权,并将其设为直属于国务院的核安全监管机构或部门(委)以提高其行政级别。     

Preparation of a low-cost fingerprint powder that harnesses white light to emit long-lived phosphorescence

An inexpensive, commercially available doped strontium aluminate phosphor with long-lived afterglow has been prepared and assessed in the role of a luminescent fingerprint dusting powder. Blue, green, and aqua phosphorescence persisting for ca. 30 s was obtainable from treated fingermarks after charging the powders with the white light (400–700 nm) setting of a forensic light source. Imaging the phosphorescent afterglow enabled the elimination of background emissions encountered during latent fingermark examination. This was demonstrated by visualising fingermarks on substrates that possess inbuilt fluorescent security features and highly patterned substrate backgrounds, without any need for bespoke scientific equipment.