我国市场准入告知承诺制的法治构建

市场准入告知承诺制是近年来我国优化营商环境的重要举措,是市场准入领域实现经济效益和交易安全衡平的重要改革.我国市场准入告知承诺制的法律尚不健全,适用范围、事前审查、事中监管、事后惩戒及责任承担等法治建设亟待推进.市场准入告知承诺制在一般性市场准入应当予以广泛适用,但特别许可市场准入应当避免对实质审查的替代.市场准入告知...     

行政非法证据的认定及其效力研究

行政非法取证行为是对依法行政的极大破坏。必须合理确定行政非法证据的内涵,其包括两大类:以法律明确禁止的方法收集的非法证据,以法律没有明确规定的、侵犯当事人合法权益的方式收集的证据。在借鉴其他国家或地区关于非法证据效力的基础上,应当建立有中国特色的行政非法证据排除规则,原则上排除非法证据,同时设置例外情形。     

舆论与刑法的偏差式互动:刑事责任年龄个别下调的中国叙事

降低刑事责任年龄的舆论诉求与刑法回应已然发展成为一对既密切关联、又有所区别,甚至存在矛盾冲突的新力量,深度嵌入未成年人罪错行为治理的复杂格局之中。引入长短期记忆网络(LSTM)对14058条新浪微博相关评论文本进行情感分类,分别统计正向、中性、负向情感的高频词,可以数据化呈现社会舆论的具体诉求与刑法回应的实际效果。面对社会舆论对刑法功能的过度期许、对保护理念的极度排斥、对规范设置的明确否定,刑法采用了分散式功能叙说、不能“一放了之”的话语体系置换、年龄整体下调与多重限制并行的回应策略。然而,这一回应策略导致社会舆论对刑法的功能期许不降反升、保护与惩戒的理念认可度更加失衡、限制性规范存在异化风险。刑法应在理解、尊重社会舆论的演化逻辑与核心诉求的前提下,逐步缩小功能诉求与治理供给的偏差,以惩戒理念的强调带动保护理念的培植,寻找支持个别下调的正当性基础,探索“舆论诉求—刑法引导—社会互动”的“杜鹃—鸳鸯模式”。     

First degree murder and complicity—conditions for parity of culpability between principal and accomplice

The Law Commission for England and Wales has published for consultation a proposal for an offence of first degree murder. A person found guilty of this offence whether as a principal or an accomplice will receive a mandatory sentence of life imprisonment. It is argued that the conditions for liability as an accomplice put forward by the Commission do not fulfil the Commission's aspiration for a "parity of culpability" between principals and accomplices. The discussion has general implications for the reform of complicity laws.

不负证明责任当事人的事案解明义务

随着自由主义诉讼观向社会诉讼观的转变，不少国家都规定了不负证明责任当事人亦应承担一定的事案解明义务。但理论界存在着关于事案解明义务会破坏证明责任机制的担忧，我国长期容忍当事人隐匿证据也与对证明责任的过分强调有关。实质上，事案解明义务并不会破坏证明责任机制的作用，相反，事案解明义务有助于克服真伪不明，减轻负证明责任一方当事人的证明负担。我国的民事诉讼应更注重发现真实的价值，理性看待证明责任的作用。新《民事诉讼法解释》初步设立了当事人的出庭陈述义务和文书提出义务，但这仅是一个开始，我国应从事案解明义务的产生要件、具体形式以及违反义务的制裁效果等方面来构建合理的当事人事案解明义务体系。     

论惩罚性赔偿的证明标准

不遵守填平原则的惩罚性赔偿与民事程序存在着一定的冲突。从最佳威慑与彻底威慑的角度看,惩罚性赔偿实质上处于民事责任与刑罚之间,甚至有时与罚金刑无异,故需要提高对被告人的程序保护,其证明标准应当具有中间性,适用明确而令人信服的证明标准。从诉求正确的可能性、举证成本、风险收益的角度看,反映行为人主观过错程度的侵权行为的异常性的证明负担应当分配给原告。     

“公司社会责任”灵魂托生之途暨“公司利他权”

关于“公司社会责任”之精神实质或灵魂，本文通过应用理论论证，实践佐证，包括中关之具体法律规定，美国之学术机构解释，典型司法判例，公司守则、行业守则之具体要求以及其他社会实践运动等，证明了其实指公司或董事等高管享有之一项“法律权利”，具有明显之“权利品质”!应当在《公司法》中明确废除没有任何价值和意义之“公司社会责任”，修改为“公司享有利他权”!     

ALL CHILDREN ARE NOT CREATED EQUAL: PRWORA'S UNCONSTITUTIONAL RESTRICTION ON IMMIGRANT CHILDREN'S ACCESS TO FEDERAL HEALTH CARE PROGRAMS

The lack of health insurance for children is a serious problem in the United States, especially for those children in families that earn too little to get private health insurance and too much to qualify for Medicare. Even within this subclass of children, immigrant children are particularly vulnerable to the problems faced by lack of health care. Nevertheless, with the passage of the Personal Responsibility and Work Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) by Congress, equality interests of low‐income immigrant children are undermined when immigrant children are denied federal benefits for the first 5 years of residency in the United States. The first part of this Note examines the importance of child health care and the long‐term problems with uninsured children, especially with uninsured immigrant children and pregnant women. The next part introduces Medicaid as well as State Children's Health Insurance Program, a supplemental federal program designed to increase health care coverage to all children, while contrasting these programs in light of the restrictive anti‐immigrant PRWORA provisions. The third part explains the passage of PRWORA, its anti‐immigrant provisions, and how these provisions prevent needy immigrant children from receiving federally funded health care. Then, the fourth part uses both the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment to argue the unconstitutionality of the anti‐immigrant provisions. Finally, the last part lays out the recommendation to amend the Social Security Act so that the PRWORA barriers can be removed and recent immigrant children can receive federally funded health care.     

责任政府构建的当代主题与基本维度

确责与问责是当代责任政府建设的关键环节。确责与问责构成了当代责任政府构建的主题,也规定了责任政府构建的基本维度。责任政府构建需要在正确定位政府职责、建立有效问责机制的基础上,促进政府对人民认真负责。     

政府在建设和谐社会中的责任

在建设和谐社会中,政府负有重要责任。和谐社会下的政府应该是一个精简、廉洁、透明、高效的政府。我国政府在建设和谐社会中当务之急需要做的是:政府职能转变、有限权力原则、积极行使职权、建立公共安全机制、保障弱势群体权利、完善社会冲突解决机制。