Contextualising the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ in Darfur

ABSTRACT

This article argues for a thorough contextual analysis based on understanding local, regional and international politico-economic linkages in the Sudan, in order to ground prospects of the ‘Responsibility to Protect’ (R2P) doctrine in the ongoing crisis in Darfur. The R2P framework was crystallised by the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS) in 2001. It was adapted and subsequently endorsed by United Nations (UN) member states during the 2005 UN World Summit. The R2P ostensibly provides normative benchmarks on how states should respond to the quadruple human rights violations of genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and ethnic cleansing. Indeed, there is debate on whether the prevailing crisis in Darfur constitutes a test case for the application of the R2P. However, such debate is misplaced on two grounds: first, it glosses over the inherent conceptual deficiencies of the R2P, as presently constituted. More importantly, such debate is primarily inspired by reactionary and externalising influences based on past international failings, like Rwanda (1994) and Bosnia (1993). Hence, it is argued that the starting point of analysing the Darfur crisis should be a thorough investigation of how local, regional and international politico-economic factors have historically worked in an orchestrated fashion to trigger and sustain the crisis in the Sudan. Knowledge and an understanding of such historical specificity is a requisite for determining the relevance of the R2P in Darfur. The R2P, as presently constituted and practised, does not address this gap.     

跨国银行境外机构的母国监管责任

美国次贷危机之所以迅速在全球蔓延,其直接原因表现在美国及其他国家的母国监管责任的缺失。巴塞尔协议确立的跨国银行母国并表监管下的联合责任始终是各国奉行的主导规则,但WTO金融服务审慎监管例外制度赋予东道国监管的灵活权限提升了东道国的作用,并影响了巴塞尔协议中母国责任规定的实施。欧盟指令作为区域性合作的代表在母国责任规定上更为完善。中国银行业监管应进一步加强并表原则的法定性,加强并表原则的实质适用,关注境外子行和境外分行不同的监管权限、标准和范畴,才能适应我国银行业国际化和抵御金融危机的要求。     

英联邦国家医疗侵权诉讼中因果关系之证明及评价

在因果关系的证明上,英联邦国家司法总体上贯彻了法律与科学有别、司法者与医学专家有别的观念。传统的因果关系证明规则在医疗诉讼中面临挑战和困境。在寻找解决此类困境的方法中,举证负担转移方法因其操作生硬、对传统规则的过于颠覆以及可能对医学、医疗诉讼和医疗保险产生不良影响而未能在英联邦司法中获得普遍认可;风险的实质性增加方法和机会丧失视为损害的方法能否适用于医疗侵权案件尚未得到确定。与前些方法相比,因果关系的推断在英联邦司法中获得了较大程度的认可。该方法的优势在于弹性强、对传统规则的偏离较为缓和且充分利用了法庭的事实认定过程。它进一步增加了法院的自由裁量,减弱了对医疗专家意见的依赖。     

In Search of the Responsible Subject: History, Philosophy and Social Sciences in Criminal Law Theory

This paper examines the way in which English criminal law's conception of responsibility has changed since the eighteenth century, and explores the relationship between changes in legal framework, changes in processes of criminalisation and punishment, and broader social, political and economic changes. It argues that the development of ideas of individual responsibility for crime are responses to problems of co-ordination and legitimation faced by systems of criminal law, and that these problems can be expected to change according to the environment in which the system operates, with important factors including the distribution of political interests and economic power; the prevailing cultural and intellectual environment; the organisation and status of relevant professional groups and the vigour of alternative means of social ordering. Substantively, the paper explores the hypothesis that criminal responsibility has shifted from a conception founded in ideas of character to a capacity-based conception over the relevant period. Methodologically, the aim is to historicise the structure as well as the content of criminal law within a socio-theoretic framework, constructing a dialogue between criminal law theory of a doctrinal and philosophical temper and socio-historical studies of criminal justice.     

论监护人的诉讼地位

如何确定监护人在诉讼中的法律地位 ,尤其是在被监护人致人损害的情形下 ,学术界历来颇有争议。以往的学者仅从程序法的角度加以论述 ,忽视程序法与实体法的联系。笔者认为 ,确定监护人在诉讼中的地位 ,首先必须明确监护人所从事的行为的性质 ,严格区分身份性行为与财产性行为的差异。然而 ,在被监护人的致人损害的情形下 ,因实体法所规定的监护责任的性质为转承责任 ,所以 ,监护人的诉讼地位应为当事人。     

公证人的法律责任问题研究

就公证法律责任的主体、承担法律责任的基本原则、及其种类等方面来研究公证人的法律责任,从而规范公证法律行为,构建和完善与国际接轨并符合中国国情的公证法律制度体系。     

试论合同诈骗犯罪的认定

合同诈骗犯罪应从履行合同的能力、履行合同的行为两方面来认定。对经济合同诈骗犯罪与经济合同纠纷认定的根据是当事人的履行能力及其主观心理状态和当事人的实际履约行为及其主观心理状态。合同诈骗犯罪的侦查重点要放在查清犯罪嫌疑人犯罪的故意、犯罪主体、犯罪行为及资金流向等方面。     

公共服务与服务型政府的关系

公共服务是服务型政府的职能之一,公共服务精神是服务型政府的根本标志。服务型政府在提供公共服务中负有最终责任。     

巨额财产来源不明罪之举证责任

巨额财产来源不明罪中“责令说明”的主体仅指对国家工作人员的职务行为具有监督职权的国家机关。本罪采取的是一种实体上推定的立法方式。这种实体性的推定是基于刑事政策考虑而采取的一种立法技巧,不会对无罪推定原则构成威胁,犯罪嫌疑人和被告人不会因此而承担举证责任。